Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The metabolic effects of 2 triphasic oral contraceptives (OCs) containing dl-norgestrel (dlN) and ethinyl estradiol (EE) were studied in young women. The marked difference in the 2 preparations was progestogen content, allowing the study of the metabolic effects of high and low progestogen in OCs. The results suggest that high progestogen increases serum sodium, potassium, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total protein, albumen, and lactic dehydrogenase. An increase in aspartate transaminase and a decrease in alkaline phosphatase were probably estrogen-related. High progestogen significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose levels (P.001). Both preparations significantly increased the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in women who had not taken OCs for 3 or more months, and with the low progestogen preparation, these increases are dissimilar to the effects reported in the triphasic preparations containing levonorgestrel.
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PMID:Metabolic effects of two triphasic formulations containing ethinyl estradiol and dl-norgestrel. 664 Dec 21

This work examines ultrastructural and histochemical changes in the human nasal respiratory mucosa resulting from regular use of oral contraceptives (OCs). 25 healthy women aged 20-25 years were treated with Anovlar (4 mg norethisterone and .05 mg ethinyl estradiol) for 9 months. Biopsies were taken from 5 each of the 15 who did not develop nasal symptoms at 3, 6, and 9 months and from the 10 who developed symptoms at 9 months. A punch biopsy was taken from the lower border of the inferior turbinate, 1 cm behind its anterior end, using 4% xylocaine without adrenalization. The biopsy was divided into 2 parts for electron microscopic study and histochemical study. All symptom-free subjects developed the same changes: glandular hyperactivity, increased acid mucopolysaccharide content of the ground substance, and an increased defensive mechanism due to increased phagocytic activity. The ultrastructural changes and histochemical reactions were similar to those of symptom-free pregnant women. The 10 women developing nasal symptoms showed squamous metaplasia, interepithelial edema, glandular hyperplasia, histiocytic proliferation, and fibrous tissue deposition, all attributed to the action of estrogen. The histochemical reactions were similar to those of chronic hypertrophic nonallergenic rhinitis: increased choline esterase in the subepithelium and stroma; increased acid phosphatase in the epithelium, subepithelium, and around the glands; and increased succinic dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and alpha esterase in the mucus glands.
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PMID:The human respiratory nasal mucosa in females using contraceptive pills. An ultramicroscopic and histochemical study. 669 3

The associations of current oral contraceptive (OC) or estrogen use and mean levels of a variety of clinical chemistry measurements have not been previously described in large, free-living populations. We compared mean fasting measurements of eight clinical chemistry tests (alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT], total bilirubin, globulin, thyroxine, creatinine, uric acid and plasma glucose) adjusted for age, body mass, education, alcohol use, smoking and study population variation in approximately 1,500 white women from nine North American Lipid Research Clinic populations. Compared to hormone nonusers of the same age, OC users aged 20 to 39 years had significantly lower mean values of serum alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, total bilirubin and plasma glucose, while serum globulin, thyroxine and creatinine levels were significantly higher. Mean uric acid values were not significantly different. Estrogen users aged 50 to 69 years had significantly lower mean values of alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin and significantly higher thyroxine and uric acid levels as compared to hormone nonusers aged 50 to 69 years.
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PMID:Alterations in clinical chemistry measures associated with oral contraceptive and estrogen use: the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. 710 63

Forty-three women who had viral hepatitis one or more years ago and 35 healthy women who were age and parity matched were given an oral contraceptive containing 0.05mg ethinyl estradiol and 0.5mg levonorgestrel for six consecutive months. Liver function tests (serum bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT and serum alkaline phosphatase) and serum proteins (total, albumin, globulins, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and alpha-1 antitrypsin) were measured before beginning treatment and after three and six months of use. Past hepatitis women experienced increased unconjugated bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT and alkaline phosphatase levels throughout the six months while the control women showed less pronounced changes during the first three months with tendency to reversion to normal during the subsequent three months; the group X time of test interactions were significantly different between the two groups. Serum haptoglobin decreased significantly in both groups but the past-hepatitis group showed a more persistent change with time. Changes also occurred in serum albumin, alpha-1 and beta globulins, ceruloplasmin but without group effect or group X time interactions.
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PMID:Effects of oral contraception on liver function tests and serum proteins in women with past viral hepatitis. 712 36

Thirty-eight women with urinary or intestinal schistosomiasis but without clinical or laboratory evidence of hepatic involvement and 30 healthy control women were treated with an oral contraceptive containing 0.05mg ethinyl estradiol and 0.05mg levonorgestrel for six consecutive months. Liver function tests (serum bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, serum alkaline phosphatase) and serum proteins (total, albumin, globulins, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and alpha-1 antitrypsin) were measured before beginning the treatment and after three and six months of use. Both group experienced significant increases in SGOT, SGPT and serum alkaline phosphatase during the first three months of treatment with tendencies to decrease during the subsequent 3 months. No change occurred in serum bilirubin. There was significant decreases in serum albumin and haptoglobin and increases in alpha-1 globulin, ceruloplasmin and alpha-1 globulin, there were no significant differences between schistosomiasis patients and the controls in terms of changes in any laboratory test as a result of the treatment, thus suggesting that patients with active schistosomiasis do not incur a higher risk of hepatic dysfunction while using oral contraception.
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PMID:Effects of oral contraception on liver function tests and serum proteins in women with active schistosomiasis. 712 37

A study was conducted with 20 healthy female volunteers to ascertain the effects on the liver function of a low-dose combined OC (oral contraceptive). Control liver function tests--serum SGOT, SGPT, LDH, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, and prothrombin times--were conducted prior to treatment. Tests were conducted again at 1 and at 2 months of therapy. The OC used included 35 ug ethinyl estradiol and .4 mg norethindrone. Of the 320 tests conducted during therapy, 1.25% showed abnormal results. This includes 1.9% during the 1st month and .625% during the 2nd month. These rates of abnormal liver function tests are much below results obtained with OCs containing 50-100 ug of estrogen. It is, therefore, concluded that OCs with an ethinyl estradiol content as low as 35 ug seem to have little effect on liver function.
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PMID:Liver function tests and low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives. 721 8

The efficacy of commercially available progestin preparations were investigated with a view toward determining the optimum type, dose, duration, and route of administration required to protect the endometrium. Biochemical indices of estrogen and progestin action in endometria from postmenopausal women receiving various hormone therapies were monitored. The premenopausal samples obtained during the proliferative and secretory phases of the cycle can be compared with physiologically normal activities. Estrogen effects were monitored by nuclear estradiol receptor (REN) and soluble progesterone receptor (RP) content and DNA synthesis by autoradiography after [3-H]-thymidine labelling. Progestin action was assayed by inhibition of estrogen-induced REN and DNA synthesis by induction of isocritic and estradiol dehydrogenases and by morphological criteria. Postmenopausal patients were attending the menopause clinics at King's College Hospital or the Chelsea Hospital for Women in London for symptoms associated with the climacteric. Premenopausal samples were obtained from women attending the above hospitals as well as St. Thomas Hospital in London. There are no differences in REN or estradiol receptor content (RET) between epithelium and stroma for any of the groups. Progestins, regardless of whether they are derived from exogenous (postmenopausal) or endogenous (premenopausal sources, decrease REN and RET in both fractions. Progestins also decreased DNA synthesis in both cell types and this suppression correlates with the fall in REN. The RP content of epithelium is greater than stroma, but the 2 enzymes are markedly stimulated by progestins in epithelium but not stroma. The lower RP content of the stromal fraction could be because of cellular heterogeneity, differential loss of receptor during processing, or to genuine differences between epithelium and stroma. Estrogen induced DNA synthesis is inhibited by progestins in both epithelium ans stroma but the induction of some enzymes is dissimilar in the 2 cell populations. Marked increases in activity of isocitric and estradiol dehydrogenases take place in epithelium but not stroma under the influence of progestins. Enzymes such as acid and alkaline phosphatase do not exhibit this uneven cellular distribution. For the clinical studies on progestin effects, it was decided to analyze DNA synthesis, REN, and estradiol and isocritric dehydrogenase activities. All estrogenic medications in clinical use in the U.K. produce levels of REN and RP that are at least equivalent to those found in the proliferative phase of the premenopausal endometrium. No differences in REN, RP, or DNA synthesis were observed between the 0.625 and 1.25 mg doses of Premarin so it appears that even the low dose of estrogen is maximally stimulating the endometrium. The study results strongly indicate that the addition of a progestin to estrogen medication is efficacious in preventing continued cell multiplication of both epithelium and stroma. They also show that unnecessarily high doses of progestin are in current use.
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PMID:Assessment of oestrogen and progestin effects on epithelium and stroma from pre- and postmenopausal endometria. 733 44

Estrogen receptors of human endometrial cancer Ishikawa cells were found to be present in moderate amounts (160-200 fmol/mg protein), and to specifically bind moxestrol (R2858) with a very high affinity characterized by a Kd around 60 pM, when measured under equilibrium conditions. The binding specificity respected a decreasing order as follows: estradiol (E2: 100%) > 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4OHTAM: 52.7%) > estriol (E3: 5.7%) > estrone (E1: 2.1%) > TAM (0.2%). The induction of alkaline phosphatase activity (APase) used as an estrogen-specific response, confirmed the intrinsic estrogenicity of progestins derived from 19-nor-testosterone (19NT): norethindrone (NOR), norethynodrel and levonorgestrel, at concentrations ranging from 10(-8) to 10(-6) M. The effect of NOR was partially blocked by the antiestrogen 4OHTAM, which was also partially agonistic in this model, but neither by the antiprogestin mifepristone (RU486) nor by the aromatase inhibitor aminoglutethimide. A simulatory effect was also detected at 10(-7) or 10(-6) M with ethindrone, the testosterone- (T) derived progestin homologous to NOR, and with both androgenic parent-compounds, i.e. T and 19NT themselves. In contrast, progesterone (P) derivatives like medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and chlormadinone acetate (CMA) remained totally inactive, as well as 19-nor-progesterone (19NP) itself or its progestagenic derivatives: ORG 2058 and nomegestrol acetate (NOM). Structure-activity relationships deduced from these studies suggest that it is not the absence of the 19-methyl group which can account for the estrogenic potential of the so-called "19-norprogestins", but rather their steroid structure derived from T in a broad sense (including the 19NT derivatives), as opposed to the non-estrogenic therapeutic progestins derived from P like MPA or CMA, or from 19NP like NOM.
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PMID:Lack of estrogenic potential of progesterone- or 19-nor-progesterone-derived progestins as opposed to testosterone or 19-nor-testosterone derivatives on endometrial Ishikawa cells. 757 23

Estrogen has been shown to modify calcium and skeletal homeostasis. In this study, we tested the ability of estrogen to influence the effects of short-term 1,25(OH)2D administration on biochemical indices of bone formation and resorption in a cross-sectional analysis of untreated (n = 10) and estrogen-treated (n = 14) osteoporotic women. Patients were given oral 1,25(OH)2D (Rocaltrol) 0.5 microgram twice a day for 5 days. Serum and urine were sampled at baseline and then 1 h after the first daily Rocaltrol dose for the 5 days of the study. 1,25(OH)2D levels rose similarly in both groups with plateaus reached by the third day of the investigation. Serum PTH levels decreased by the first sampling period (1 h after first Rocaltrol dose; p < 0.008 both groups) and continued to fall gradually in both groups. There were no changes in serum calcium but serum phosphorus rose by the second day (p < 0.05 both groups) and remained elevated throughout the remainder of the protocol. Serum bone Gla protein increased approximately 40% (p < 0.05) with no group differences. In contrast, total alkaline phosphatase and carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I collagen did not increase in either group. Furthermore, there were no significant increments in any bone resorption indicators, including serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, as well as urine hydroxyproline and pyridinoline. Serum IGF-1 levels also remained unchanged in both groups. We conclude that oral 1,25(OH)2D administration decreased 1-84PTH levels, probably due to a suppression of parathyroid production, and did not stimulate bone resorption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Oral 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D administration in osteoporotic women: effects of estrogen therapy. 761 Sep 30

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of oral contraceptive pills on bone turnover. The design consisted of a cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort. There were 52 women taking oral contraceptives and 156 nonuser controls from a large cohort of 1039 healthy women, aged 31-89 years (OFELY study). Most users were taking combined oral contraceptives containing 30 micrograms ethinyl estradiol and the mean duration of pill use was 6.7 +/- 6.4 years. Users and nonusers were matched for age [mean age (years): 39.3 +/- 3.5 vs. 40.5 +/- 4.3, range 35-49 years for both]. Main outcome measures included three markers of bone formation (serum osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, and C-terminal propeptide of type I collagen) and two markers of bone resorption that are pyridinoline crosslinked peptides (Crosslaps and NTX). Users and nonusers did not differ for weight, height, alcohol and tobacco use, dietary calcium intake, parity, exercise activity, body fat and lean composition, and calcium chemistry tests. In pill users all bone formation and resorption markers were decreased compared with controls: osteocalcin, 7.7 +/- 2.7 vs. 10.1 +/- 3.1 ng/mL (-24%, p < 0.001); bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, 7.5 +/- 2.3 vs. 8.8 +/- 2.7 ng/mL (-15%, p < 0.003); C-terminal propeptide of type I collagen, 77.2 +/- 93.1 vs. 93.1 +/- 31.9 ng/mL (-17%, p = 0.001); Crosslaps: 175 +/- 91 vs. 211 +/- 105 micrograms/mmol Cr (-17%, p = 0.03); and NTX, 16.2 +/- 5.9 vs. 22.5 +/- 9.4 nmol of bone collagen equivalent/mmol Cr (-28%, p < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Decreased bone turnover in oral contraceptive users. 765 64


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