Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The pathology and enzymology of the intestinal mucosae of lambs dosed daily with 2500 Trichostrongylus vitrinus larvae and killed at five, nine or 14 weeks were compared with worm-free animals. The proximal small intestines of the infected lambs exhibited extensive mucosal damage at five and nine weeks, but only isolated lesions were found at 14 weeks. Activities of the brush border enzymes alkaline phosphatase, leucine amino-peptidase, maltase and glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase were all significantly depleted during infection, although the magnitude, time of onset and duration of the individual enzyme responses varied. Mucosal activities of the pancreatic enzymes, trypsin and to a lesser extent chymotrypsin were also markedly decreased particularly during the first nine weeks of infection. Specific acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly increased throughout the study, maximal levels being observed at five weeks. In contrast 'pseudo'-cholinesterase levels were consistently within the control range. During the early stages of infection (five weeks) glutamine-oxaloacetate transaminase activity was significantly decreased, while aldolase and creatine phosphokinase levels were significantly elevated. At nine weeks low glutamine-oxaloacetate transaminase activities were again detected and lactate dehydrogenase activity was also markedly reduced. At 14 weeks the mean activities of all four enzymes were within the normal range as were superoxide dismutase levels throughout. Significant correlations were found between alkaline phosphatase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, aldolase and glutamine-oxaloacetate transaminase activities and the degree of mucosal damage within the individual lambs.
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PMID:Changes in the intestinal enzyme activity of lambs during chronic infection with Trichostrongylus vitrinus. 710 Jun 47

The concentrations of many components of the cerebrospinal fluid are much lower than in serum. Values for sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium are similar to those in other primates. Activities of alkaline phosphatase (18.7 U/1), creatine phosphokinase (9.9 U/1), glutamine oxaloacetate transaminase (13.7 U/1), glutamine pyruvate transaminase (9.2 U/1), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (3.1 U/1), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (33.0 U/1, lactate dehydrogenase (47.2 U/1) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (3.9 U/1), and levels of zinc (1.0 mu g/dl), copper (2.6 mu g/dl), iron (35.9 mu g/dl) and triglycerides (33.2 mu g/dl) have not previously been reported for this species. Values for free amino acids, total protein, creatinine and urea nitrogen are compared with those of other primates. The use of gradient pore polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for analysing proteins of CSF is described.
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PMID:Some normal clinical chemistry values for cerebrospinal fluid of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). 727 25

Changes in oxidative metabolism were studied in hepatopancreas, muscle, and hemolymph of the edible crab Scylla serrata, exposed to a sublethal concentration (2.5 ppm) of cadmium chloride. A significant decrease in glycogen, total carbohydrates, and pyruvate and an increase in lactate levels in hepatopancreas and muscle were observed. Hemolymph sugar levels were increased in experimental crabs. An increase in phosphorylase suggested increased glycogenolysis during cadmium toxicity. The decrease in lactate dehydrogenase activity and the increase in lactate content indicated reduced mobilization of pyruvate into the citric acid cycle. Krebs cycle enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase were found to be decreased, suggesting impairment of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as a consequence of cadmium toxicity. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was increased, suggesting enhanced oxidation of glucose by the HMP pathway. Cytochrome-c oxidase and Mg2+ ATPase activity levels decreased, indicating impaired energy synthesis during cadmium stress. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities increased, suggesting enhanced breakdown of phosphates to release energy in view of impaired ATPase system during cadmium exposure. A significant decrease in protein and free amino acid and an increase in ammonia, urea, and glutamine levels were observed in the tissues during exposure. An increase in protease, alanine aminotransaminase, and aspartate aminotransaminase suggested increased proteolysis and transamination of amino acids. The increase in glutamate dehydrogenase, AMP deaminase, and adenosine deaminase indicated increased ammonia production. The increased arginase and glutamine synthetase suggested the detoxification or mobilization of ammonia toward the production of urea and glutamine. These results suggest that cadmium affects oxidative metabolism and induces hyperammonemia, and crabs switch over their metabolic profiles toward compensatory mechanisms for the survivability in cadmium-polluted habitats.
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PMID:Changes in oxidative metabolism in selected tissues of the crab (Scylla serrata) in response to cadmium toxicity. 753 86

The present study was performed to measure the uptake of main renal cortical fuel substrates (glutamine and lactate) and the release of the main renal cortical products (ammonia and glucose) by cortical slices from gentamicin-treated rats. Experiments were done in 2 groups of female Wistar rats (250 g): In gentamicin group (n = 13), rats were injected s.c. with gentamicin-sulphate 100 mg/Kg body wt/day for 5 days. Control rats (n = 13) received isotonic saline. After anesthesia and blood sampling, renal cortical slices were obtained and incubated with L-glutamine and/or lactate at 1 or 5 mM concentration, containing L-glutamate and/or pyruvate at 0.1 or 0.5 mM. Creatinine clearance was reduced to a 50% in gentamicin-treated rats. In addition these animals showed a sharp increase in urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and alkaline phosphatase. Light microscopy examination revealed extensive cell necrosis and tubular obstruction of the proximal tubules in kidneys of rats injected with gentamicin. The renal cortical gentamicin concentration of rats injected with gentamicin was 310 +/- 43 mu/g, whereas it was undetectable in control rats. Cortical slices from gentamicin-treated rats, compared to control ones, showed a reduced production of ammonia and glucose, without differences in glutamine or lactate extraction. These alterations can be explained by both the increased rate of anabolic reactions to recover cell damage associated to renal failure, as well as by a direct effect of gentamicin on the rate of carboxylation reactions.
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PMID:Effect of gentamicin treatment on glutamine and lactate metabolism by the renal cortex of the rat. 769 Dec 12

We tested the effect of long-term intraluminal administration of glutamine on jejunoileal bypass (JIB) induced abnormalities in the plasma-liver profile in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (200-250 g) were subjected to an end to side JIB followed by daily intraluminal infusions of either 8 ml saline (n = 5), infused over a 4-hour period, or 8 ml saline containing 1g/Kg body weight glutamine (n = 7) for 3 weeks. Thirteen unoperated rats and four JIB rats without infusions served as controls. At the conclusion of the experiment, a cardiac blood sample was removed and analyzed for plasma cholesterol, albumin, total protein, gamma glutaril transferase, lactic dehydrogenase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin. Tissue samples from various segments of bowel, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen underwent histopathologic examination. Bacteriological cultures were prepared from jejunum, ileum, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. Bacterial translocation occurred in both JIB-saline and JIB-glutamine infused rats. Glutamine-infused rats developed a significant decrease in the plasma cholesterol levels. However, glutamine did not prevent the JIB-induced alterations in the plasma-liver profile and bowel histopathology. It is suggested that experimental JIB procedure can be used as a model of bacterial translocation consequent to mucosal permeability and intestinal inflammatory diseases.
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PMID:Jejunoileal bypass-induced liver dysfunction and bacterial translocation: effect of intraluminal glutamine-infusion. 773 42

This study evaluated the effects of chronic exposure to cocaine during pregnancy on amino acid uptake in placental membrane vesicles. Pregnant rats received 62 mg/kg of cocaine hydrochloride by intraperitoneal (IP) injection as a divided daily dose on gestation days 8-19 inclusive. Fetal body weights were significantly decreased by 19% in the cocaine group, while placental weights were unchanged. Placental apical membrane vesicles were prepared from control and cocaine-treated animals, and marker enzyme enrichments for alkaline phosphatase and [3H]-dihydroalprenolol binding did not differ between cocaine and control groups. Rates of uptake (10 sec) of selected radiolabeled amino acids were measured utilizing a rapid filtration technique. Na(+)-dependent apical membrane [3H]-glutamine transport (50 microM) was reduced by 95% (p < 0.05) in cocaine-treated compared to control placentas. Uptake of 50 microM [3H]-methyl aminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB) into apical membranes was also decreased by 43% (p < 0.05) in cocaine membranes. Na(+)-independent [3H]-arginine transport (10 microM), however, did not differ between control or cocaine-treated groups. In summary, chronic cocaine administration selectively inhibited the transport of glutamine and MeAIB into apical membrane vesicles, but had minimal effect on arginine transport. We postulate that this diminution in uptake may contribute to the fetal growth retardation noted in our model.
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PMID:Effect of chronic cocaine administration on amino acid uptake in rat placental membrane vesicles. 773 52

Hepatobiliary dysfunction in patients receiving nutrition support is frequent. Other reasons for elevated enzyme levels including drugs, recent anesthesia and surgery or sepsis often coexist. Liver test abnormalities in adults are usually milder than in children and frequently self-limited and are 10 times more likely to occur with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) than tube enteral nutrition. Patients on short-term TPN usually have mild-to-moderate elevations in transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels and steatosis or portal triaditis on biopsy. Patients who are infected while on TPN are at greater risk of developing steatosis and intrahepatic cholestasis. Strategies to correct abnormalities include alteration of the caloric mix in the TPN, cyclic infusions, metronidazole, enteral nutrition and inclusion of L-glutamine in the TPN formula. Patients on long-term home parenteral nutrition may develop persistent elevations in liver tests and steatohepatitis. Both acalculus and calculus cholecystitis occur with increased frequency in patients on long-term TPN. Biliary sludge precedes calcium bilirubinate stones: predisclosing factors include nil per os, prior ileal resection and use of narcotics or anticholinergics.
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PMID:Hepatobiliary complications in adults receiving nutrition support. 785 Sep 98

As a first step toward understanding the topology of the signal peptide with respect to the membrane during the protein export process, we have examined the constraints on the length of the cleavage region needed to achieve signal peptidase recognition and cleavage. Using the signal peptide of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase, a series of cleavage region mutants has been constructed. Variations in length were brought about by replacing the wild type cleavage region of the signal peptide with polymers of increasingly more residues. In each case, alanine residues are used exclusively in the -1 and -3 positions to provide only one viable cleavage site. Glutamine residues are used in all other positions in order to vary the length from 3 to 13 total residues. Analysis of these mutants revealed that cleavage regions ranging from 3 to 9 residues are completely and efficiently processed. The extent of processing drops substantially thereafter, with no processing observed for signal peptides with 13-residue long cleavage regions. A second mutant with a 13-residue long cleavage region was designed and analyzed to ensure that the lack of processing reflected a cleavage problem and not a translocation defect. The results are consistent with the notion that the signal peptidase active site is in close proximity to the periplasmic surface of the inner membrane and that interaction of the cleavage region with the signal peptidase probably depends on, and is constrained by, other interactions involving the signal peptide.
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PMID:Signal peptide cleavage regions. Functional limits on length and topological implications. 820 36

The epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract are the first to encounter ingested nucleotides. Enterocytes metabolize or transport nucleotides (often partially metabolized) to other cell types. Nucleotides may also affect enterocyte gene expression. These interactions in intestinal cell lines (Caco-2 and IEC-6 cells) are described. Nucleotides and nucleosides are efficiently taken up by neoplastic cells (Caco-2) and substantially metabolized during absorption by epithelial monolayers. In nonmalignant cells (IEC-6), nucleotide pools are smaller than enterocytes of neoplastic origin (Caco-2). Consequently, cell proliferation in IEC-6 cells is more dependent on an external supply of nucleotides. Cell differentiation was examined by measuring brush border enzyme activities (sucrase, lactase and alkaline phosphatase). Nucleotides enhanced the expression of brush border enzymes in carcinoma cells only when stressed by glutamine deprivation. IEC-6 cells, which are poorly differentiated in optimal media, require basement membrane (Matrigel) for expression of brush border enzymes. Under these conditions, adding nucleotides to the culture medium enhanced enzyme activity. In addition to being substrates for intestinal absorption, nucleotides may affect enterocyte differentiation.
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PMID:Nucleotide uptake and metabolism by intestinal epithelial cells. 828 3

Fifty-six postmenopausal women aged 52.4 +/- 6.7 years (SD) were treated for 12 months with L-glutamine calcium monofluorophosphate. Each patient received four tablets/day, providing a total dose of 20 mg of fluoride and 600 mg of elemental calcium. Bone mineral density was measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 months of treatment by dual photon absorptiometry of the distal forearm. At these times, serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, and urinary concentrations of hydroxyproline and calcium, were also assayed. Results were compared with a control group of 50 untreated postmenopausal women with similar clinical characteristics. Forty-nine patients completed the study. Bone mineral density in the treated patients showed a significant increase after 6 months in comparison with both baseline (p < 0.01) and controls (p < 0.01). After 12 months no significant further increase in bone mineral density was detected. In the control group, a significant decrease of bone mineral density was observed at this time (p < 0.01). After 6 months, serum osteocalcin levels were significantly increased in the treated group (p < 0.01 vs. basal and controls). The other biochemical parameters did not show any significant variations. After 12 months, all the biochemical parameters evaluated, with the exception of serum alkaline phosphatase, were significantly different in comparison with the control group (p < 0.01). Osteocalcin levels also increased in comparison with the basal value (p < 0.01). Adverse effects were mild. However, seven patients stopped the treatment before the 6th month because of gastrointestinal complaints.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A new fluoride preparation for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis: calcium monofluorophosphate. 829 58


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