Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The following procedures have been used to prepare fifteen modified dinucleoside monophosphates: (a) bisulfite-catalyzed transamination with aniline to give an N4-phenylcytidine (CPh), (b) bisulfite-catalyzed transamination with beta-naphthylamine to give an N4-beta-naphthylcytidine (CbetaN), (c) alkylation with 7-bromomethylbenz[a] anthracene to afford a 7(benz[a]anthryl-7-methyl)guanosine (GMBA), and (d) reaction with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene to give an 8-(N-2-fluorenylacetamido)guanosine (GAAF). The compounds prepared were A-CPh, CPh-A, CPh-G, U-CPh, CPh-U, A-CbetaN, CbetaN-A, G-CbetaN, CbetaN-G, U-CbetaN, CbetaN-U, GMBA-U, U-GMBA, GAAF-U, and U-GAAF. All of the modified compounds were hydrolyzed to the expected monomers with venom and spleen exonucleases. Hydrolysis by micrococcal nuclease was inhibited in the following cases: A-CPh, A-CbetaN, U-GMBA, and U-GAAF. The first three reactions above were applied to denatured calf thymus DNA to prepare modified DNA samples containing from 0.3 to 2.0% bound aromatic residues. The modified nucleic acids were completely hydrolyzed to nucleosides by the combination of venom exonuclease, deoxyribonuclease I and alkaline phosphatase. The same results were obtained with a combination of spleen exonuclease, deoxyribonuclease II, and alkaline phosphatase. Hydrolysis of the modified nucleic acids by micrococcal nuclease and alkaline phosphatase afforded primarily nucleosides, with some dinucleoside monophosphates. The amount of the latter did not exceed that found in the hydrolysis of control DNA, however. Other workers have observed inhibition of enzymatic hydrolysis of nucleic acids modified by aromatic carcinogens. We postulated that their results may have been caused by cross-links, which were avoided in our studies.
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PMID:Preparation and enzymatic hydrolysis of dinucleoside monophosphates and DNA modified with aromatic residues. 55 43

Serum enzyme determinations are now well-established diagnostic tools in so-called "placental insufficiency". A good predictability of oxytocinases (P-CAP-placental oxytocinase and T-CAP-tissue oxytocinase) and a doubtful one of those of phosphatases (AP-alkaline phosphatase, HSAP-heat stable alkaline phosphatase) has been shown in high-risk pregnancies. The purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic value of the above cited enzymes in the so-called "pregnancy at neuroendocrinological risk", i.e. pregnancy in women with a prepregnancy history of hormonal disorders. It was shown that the outcome and results of such pregnancies are poorer that those of normal pregnancies. The series studied comprised 364 pregnant patients with pregnancy at neuroendocrinological risk that were being monitored by means of serum assays of the four enzymes. An attempt was made to assess each of these enzyme activities both in single (at least one value below 2.5 percentile calculated for healthy subjects) and serial determinations (two consecutive results decreasing or remaining at the same level). Normal and abnormal enzyme results were compared with normal and abnormal conditions of the newborn. The results presented showed that P-CAP (Tab. I) and T-CAP (Tab. II) levels were useful in prenatal diagnosis of fetal impairment in heneral, in addition to perinatal mortality and low values of the APGAR score. Neither the single nor serial assays of AT (Tab. III) and HSAP (Tab. IV) were valuable in predicting birth of an impaired neonate. Sensitivity of the test, i.e. percentage of women with abnormal enzyme assays among those patients who gave birth to impaired neonates, and specificity of the test, i.e. the percentage of women delivered of impaired neonates among all women with abnormal enzyme assays, of the four enzymes were compared. Sensitvity and specificity of P-CAP and T-CAP were higher than those for AP and HSAP. Moreover, sensitivity for all four enzymes was higher in serial assays, and specificity was higher in single assays. The results of the present analysis demonstrated the prognostic value of oxytocinase assays also in the pregnancy at neuroendocrinological risk. Assays of P-CAP and T-CAP were of equal significance, notwithstanding reports of a greater usefulness of P-CAP. Assays of CAP were helpful particularly in the conditions on which neuroendocrinological gestosis exerts a direct influence, i.e. in low Apgar score and perinatal mortality. On the other hand, serum alkaline phosphatases proved useless in endocrine pathology of pregnancy and HSAP was not superior to AP. About one half of future mothers of impaired neonates had enzyme results outside the range of the assays under consideration. This could be explained by the fact that these enzymes activities reflect placental function and are not directly related to fetal metabolism. Because of that they should be supplemented by other diagnostic methods being used in a clinic of high-risk pregnancy.
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PMID:Comparative prognostic value of serum placental and tissue oxytocinase, alkaline phosphatase and its heat-stable fraction in pregnancy at neuroendocrinological risk. 101 Oct 62

The phenotype of Escherichia coli appR pleiotropic mutants has been compared with that of mutants in the katF gene, which lies in the same region and controls expression of catalase HPII (katE) and exonuclease III (xth). All the described characters of appR mutants--reduced pH 2.5 acid phosphatase level, overexpression of alkaline phosphatase and ability of crp or cya mutants to utilize some CAP + cAMP-dependent carbon sources--were reproduced by a katF:: Tn10 insertion. In all cases, the wild-type phenotype was restored by the presence of a plasmid-borne katF+ gene. Conversely, spontaneous appR mutants were hypersensitive to H2O2 to the same degree as katF mutants. We conclude that the appR gene is identical to katF, which encodes a putative new sigma factor (Mulvey and Loewen, 1989).
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PMID:Are appR and katF the same Escherichia coli gene encoding a new sigma transcription initiation factor? 164 76

In preparations of synaptic terminals (synaptosomes) isolated from rat brain, the activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), a phospholipid hydrolase that serves a central function in signal transduction, was inhibited in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner by incubation with 60 mM K+ or with the Ca(2+)-selective ionophore ionomycin. Reversal by alkaline phosphatase treatment suggested that this inhibitory effect resulted from phosphorylation of a synaptosomal protein substrate. When lysed synaptosomes were incubated with Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM), purified Ca2+/CAM-dependent protein kinase II (Ca2+/CaM-dependent PK II) and ATP, PLA2 activity in lysates was nearly abolished within 10 min. This effect was accompanied by a marked decrease in the Vmax of the enzyme and little or no change in the Km. Furthermore, Ca2+/CaM with ATP but without exogenous Ca2+/CaM-dependent PK II partially inhibited PLA2 activity, and this effect was prevented by treating the lysates with a selective peptide inhibitor of Ca2+/CaM-dependent PK II. In contrast, incubation of intact synaptosomes with 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or of lysed synaptosomes with purified protein kinase C had little or no effect on PLA2 activity. The results strongly suggest that the Ca(2+)-dependent inhibition of PLA2 activity observed in intact nerve endings was produced by activation of the multifunctional Ca2+/CaM-dependent PK II. A membrane-permeable adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin, enhanced PLA2 activity in intact synaptosomes, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase potentiated PLA2 activity in lysed synaptosomes. Furthermore, another broad-spectrum protein kinase present in synaptic terminals, casein kinase II, also potentiated PLA2 activity in lysed synaptosomes. The effects of both protein kinases were associated with a decrease in Km and no change in Vmax. The results suggest that PLA2 activity in synaptic terminals is subject to bidirectional control by distinct signal transduction pathways. Moreover, mutually antagonistic effects of the Ca2+/CaM-dependent PK II and PLA2 pathways provide a possible molecular mechanism for bidirectional modulation of neurotransmitter release.
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PMID:Bidirectional control of phospholipase A2 activity by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, and casein kinase II. 165 Apr 81

A previously described chondrocyte alkaline phosphatase induction factor (CAP-IF) for chicken epiphyseal growth plate chondrocytes has been purified to SDS-PAGE homogeneity from fetal bovine serum by ammonium sulfate precipitation and by dye-ligand affinity (Affi-Gel Blue and Reactive Green-19 agarose) and hydroxyapatite column chromatographies. As determined by immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine-labeled cellular proteins after 3 day treatment, this highly purified CAP-IF increases the level of AP and certain other membrane proteins 2- to 3-fold over control values. The pure protein of apparent 64.5 kDa molecular weight has been identified as fetuin by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. This was confirmed by the finding that high alkaline phosphatase (AP)-inducing activity is present in fetuin prepared by the Spiro method. However, fetuins prepared by the Pedersen or Deutsch procedures are inactive. At least half of the CAP-IF activity of fetuin was irreversibly destroyed by treatment with EDTA and addition of Zn2+ did not reactivate the EDTA-treated fetuin. Ascorbate synergistically enhanced the effect of fetuin on chondrocyte AP activity by over 8-fold during 3 day exposure. Because of the very high homology between fetuin and the A-chain of alpha 2-HS glycoprotein, we also tested and found that alpha 2HS glycoproteins from human serum and bovine bone are both strong AP inducers. Our findings suggest that the AP-inducing activity resides in a labile, cystatin/Zn(2+)-binding domain common to these related serum glycoproteins. These proteins appear to play a role in enhancing AP expression in normal growth plate cartilage differentiation.
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PMID:Fetuin and alpha-2HS glycoprotein induce alkaline phosphatase in epiphyseal growth plate chondrocytes. 172 Oct 70

In Calotes versicolor, thyroidectomy did not alter the blood glucose level, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH liver and heart), acid phosphatase (Ac.Pase liver and kidney), and alkaline phosphatase (Alk.Pase liver and kidney) activities; significantly decreased the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase liver and kidney), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT liver and heart), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT liver), and urea concentration (liver and kidney); and increased liver cholesterol when compared to sham-operated controls. Administration of L-thyroxine (L-T4) or triiodo-L-thyronine (L-T3) to thyroidectomized lizards significantly stimulated the activities of G-6-Pase, Ac.Pase, GOT and GPT, concentration of glucose and urea, and decreased the cholesterol level. While the activities of all the enzymes studied and cholesterol level remain unchanged, glucose and urea levels decreased and increased, respectively, in thyroidectomized animals treated with actinomycin D. Chloramphenicol treatment did not affect any of the parameters studied. Simultaneous injections of actinomycin D or chloramphenicol with L-T4 prevented the hormone-stimulated activities of Ac.Pase, GOT, and GPT while the activities of LDH, G-6-Pase, Alk.Pase, glucose, urea, and cholesterol levels remain unchanged.
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PMID:Intermediary metabolism in a lizard, Calotes versicolor: role of thyroid hormones. 215 52

A modification of a cell isolation technique used in animal studies was developed to remove enterocytes from duodenal biopsy specimens. Citrate-ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid treatment removed enterocytes from any underlying lamina propria and produced single cells and strips of cells. A mean (SEM) of 4.39 (2.06) x 10(6) cells was obtained from nine duodenal biopsy specimens. Enterocyte recovery was estimated enzymatically using alkaline phosphatase activity and was found to be 61%. Cytological assessment of the cells with CAM 5.2 showed that 98% of the cells isolated were enterocytes with an intact brush border. The cells responded well to vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulation in the absence of an exogenously added adenosine triphosphate regenerating system. The addition of vasoactive intestinal peptide to duodenal enterocytes produced a biphasic dose dependent increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate production. Stimulation of these cells with 10(-13)M vasoactive intestinal peptide resulted in a 50% stimulation over basal value while 10(-6)M vasoactive intestinal peptide led to a fivefold increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate production. We conclude that duodenal biopsy specimens are a good source of human intestinal cells for the study of enterocyte physiology. The cells were viable and highly responsive to vasoactive intestinal peptide.
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PMID:Effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on cyclic adenosine monophosphate production in enterocytes isolated from human duodenal biopsy specimens. 217 69

The histogenetic origin of the spindle-cell component of spindle-cell carcinoma of the head and neck mucosa remains controversial. The spindle cells have been considered a variant growth pattern of squamous-cell carcinoma, a non-neoplastic mesenchymal reaction, and a malignant admixture of epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasm. To evaluate the spindle-cell component, we studied 25 tumors (18 biphasic and seven monophasic) by utilizing the following: an avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase technique with a variety of antikeratin antibodies (AE1, AE3, CAM 5.2, 35BH11, and polyclonal Dako) and a monoclonal antivimentin antibody, and an avidin-biotin alkaline phosphatase double-labeling technique to detect coexpression of keratin and vimentin. The immunohistologic staining pattern was compared with electron-microscopic studies. Eight of 18 biphasic neoplasms contained immunoreactive keratin in the spindle-cell component that was distributed focally in a minority of cells in 3 tumors and diffusely throughout five of the neoplasms. Four of seven ulcerated monophasic spindle-cell tumors devoid of histologic squamous-cell carcinoma also were keratin positive, confirming epithelial differentiation. The majority of the spindle cells in all the tumors contained vimentin intermediate filaments. In three immunoperoxidase keratin positive biphasic tumors examined with alkaline phosphatase double labeling, occasional spindle cells were found that coexpressed keratin and vimentin and were interspersed with cells expressing either intermediate filament. Electron microscopy was performed on the spindle-cell component of 13 tumors, nine biphasic and four monophasic. Of the biphasic tumors, four were immunoperoxidase keratin positive; three of these showed epithelial differentiation by electron microscopy. Five biphasic tumors were keratin negative, and three tumors had epithelial differentiation by electron microscopy. Four monophasic spindle-cell tumors were immunoperoxidase keratin positive, and one of these had epithelial features by electron microscopy. Two monophasic tumors were keratin negative and without ultrastructural evidence of epithelial features. By using a combination of immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic observations, we identified evidence for epithelial differentiation in the spindled cells in 11 of 18 biphasic tumors and four of seven monophasic spindle-cell tumors.
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PMID:Spindle-cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract mucosa. An immunohistologic and ultrastructural study of 18 biphasic tumors and comparison with seven monophasic spindle-cell tumors. 243 Apr 74

The distribution of alkaline phosphatase and nuclease activity between cells and medium was examined in one strain of Bacillus licheniformis and four strains of B. subtilis. Over 95% of both activities was found in the medium of the B. licheniformis culture, but in the B. subtilis cultures the amount of enzyme activity found in the medium varied with the strain and the enzyme considered. B. licheniformis 749 and its penicillinase magnoconstitutive mutant 749/C were grown in continuous culture with phosphorous as the growth-limiting factor, and the kinetics of penicillinase formation and secretion were examined. Nutrient arrest halted secretion (usually after a lag of about 30 min) in both the inducible and constitutive strains. Chloramphenicol did not eliminate secretion, but under certain circumstances reduced its rate. In the inducible strain treated with a low level of inducer, the rate of secretion was more affected by the rate of synthesis than by the level of cell-bound enzyme. During induction, the onset of accretion of cell-bound penicillinase and secretion of the exoenzyme were nearly simultaneous. It seems unlikely that a long-lived, membrane- or cell-bound intermediate is mandatory in the secretion of the three enzymes by Bacillus species. In the case of penicillinase secretion, there are at least two different phases. When penicillinase synthesis is proceeding rapidly, the rate of secretion is five to six times greater at equivalent concentrations of membrane-bound penicillinase than it is when penicillinase synthesis is reduced. The data require that any membrane-bound intermediate in the formation of exoenzyme be much shorter-lived in cells with a high rate of synthesis than in cells with a low rate. Either there are two separate routes for the secretion of penicillinase or the characteristics of the process vary substantially between the early stages and the declining phase of induction.
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PMID:Characteristics of secretion of penicillinase, alkaline phosphatase, and nuclease by Bacillus species. 497 Jun 49

1. Acute transient catabolite repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis, observed when glucose is added to glycerol-grown cells of Escherichia coli (Moses & Prevost, 1966), requires the presence of a functional operator gene (o) in the lactose operon. Total deletion of the operator gene abolished acute transient repression, even in the presence of a functional regulator gene (i). 2. Regulator constitutives (i(-)) also show transient repression provided that the operator gene is functional. Regulator deletion mutants (i(del)), with which to test specifically the role of the i gene, have not so far been available. 3. The above mutants, showing various changes in the lactose operon, show no alteration in the effect of glucose on induced tryptophanase synthesis. Glucose metabolism, as measured in terms of the release of (14)CO(2) from [1-(14)C]glucose and [6-(14)C]glucose, also showed no differences between strains exhibiting or not exhibiting transient repression. This suggests no change in the operation of the pentose phosphate cycle, a metabolic activity known to be of paramount importance for glucose repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis (Prevost & Moses, 1967). 4. Chronic permanent repression by glucose of beta-galactosidase synthesis (less severe in degree than acute transient repression) persists in strains in which transient repression has been genetically abolished. Constitutive alkaline-phosphatase synthesis, which shows no transient repression, also demonstrates chronic permanent repression by glucose. 5. Chloramphenicol repression also persists in mutants with no transient repression, and also affects alkaline phosphatase. It is suggested that chronic permanent repression and chloramphenicol repression are non-specific, and that they do not influence beta-galactosidase synthesis via the regulatory system of the lactose operon.
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PMID:Involvement of the lac regulatory genes in catabolite repression in Escherichia coli. 534 Mar 65


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