Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Previous evidences reported by us and by other authors revealed the presence of IgG in sera of Schistosoma mansoni-infected patients to immunodominant antigens which are enzymes. Besides their immunological interest as possible inductors of protection, several of these enzyme antigens might be also interesting markers of infection in antibody-detecting immunocapture assays which use the intrinsic catalytic property of these antigens. It was thus thought important to define some enzymatic and immunological characteristics of these molecules to better exploit their use as antigens. Four different enzymes from adult worms were partially characterized in their biochemical properties and susceptibility to react with antibodies of infected patients, namely alkaline phosphatase (AKP, Mg2+, pH 9.5), type I phosphodiesterase (PDE, pH 9.5), cysteine proteinase (CP, dithiothreitol, pH 5.5) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG, pH 5.5). The AKP and PDE are distinct tegumental membrane-bound enzymes whereas CP and NAG are soluble acid enzymes. Antibodies in infected human sera differed in their capacity to react with and to inhibit these enzyme antigens. Possibly, the specificity of the antibodies related to the extent of homology between the parasite and the host enzyme might be in part responsible for the above differences. The results are also discussed in view of the possible functional importance of these enzymes.
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PMID:Parasite enzymes as a tool to investigate immune responses. 134 26

The renal toxicity of harman and norharman, administered for 2 or 4 weeks at dietary levels of 1,000, 500, or 0 parts per million (ppm), was investigated in 6-week-old male F344/DuCrj rats. Although rats fed 1,000 ppm harman or norharman, but not the 500 ppm level, demonstrated marked body weight retardation from 1 week to termination, no mortalities occurred. Marked elevation of water consumption was evident in rats given harman or norharman at 1,000 ppm, but not at 500 ppm, together with large increases in urine of low specific gravity. Urinary lysosomal enzymes (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, NAG, and lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) and sugar levels were increased, and the brush border enzymes (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, GGT, and alkaline phosphatase, ALP) decreased. Furthermore, serum biochemistry revealed clear elevation of parameters indicating renal toxicity in these rats. Histopathologically, rats fed 1,000 ppm harman or norharman, but not 500 ppm, demonstrated focal toxic renal degenerative/necrotic and regenerative lesions in proximal, distal, and collecting tubules. These changes were associated with a clearly increased labeling index (LI) of the nuclei of renal tubular epithelial cells on immunohistochemical staining for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Chemical specific crystal formation within tubular lumina was evident in rats fed 1,000 ppm, but not 500 ppm, this being considered the cause of the renal tubular lesions. It was concluded that harman and norharman exert renal toxicity at the dietary level of 1,000 ppm, but not 500 ppm, in male F344 rats.
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PMID:Dose-dependent renal tubular toxicity of harman and norharman in male F344 rats. 147 80

Urinary enzyme activities (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase [NAG], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], leucine aminopeptidase [LAP], gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase [gamma-GTP]) were investigated to determine their clinical significance in diabetic nephropathy. There were correlations among ALP, LAP, and gamma-GTP, though no correlation existed between NAG and the other three enzymes. Activities of NAG isozymes (both A and B) were higher than in normal controls. It has been reported that NAG isozyme A might be associated with glomerular diseases, and isozyme B might be associated with proximal tubular damage. The results of our study suggest that NAG reflects lysosomal dysfunction of both glomerular and proximal tubular epithelial cells, which may be caused by poor glycemic control, and that ALP, LAP, and gamma-GTP reflect brush border damage of proximal tubules, which may be caused by diabetic nephropathy.
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PMID:Clinical significance of urinary enzymes in diabetic nephropathy. 168 60

Oxidative inactivation of various key enzymes and alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha-1-PI) was studied by treatment with N-chloramines and the metal-catalyzed oxidation (MCO)-systems ascorbate/Fe(III) and ascorbate/Cu(II). Chlorinated amines completely inhibited alpha-1-PI, fructose-1,6-bis phosphatase (Fru-P2ase) and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) at a low molar excess, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) at a high molar excess, but did not impair beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (beta-NAG), alkaline phosphatase (AP) or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). MCO-systems affected the activities of Fru-P2ase, GAPD, AP, LDH and G6PD, but not those of beta-NAG or alpha-1-PI. EDTA prevented inactivation of Fru-P2ase, G6PD and LDH by ascorbate/Cu(II) and of Fru-P2ase by ascorbate/Fe(III) suggesting a site-specific oxidation catalyzed by a protein-bound metal ion. In conclusion, N-chloramines and MCO-systems exhibited different properties with regard to oxidative inactivation, sulfhydryl-enzymes were susceptible to both systems, but other enzymes were only susceptible to one or neither system.
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PMID:Inactivation of enzymes and an enzyme inhibitor by oxidative modification with chlorinated amines and metal-catalyzed oxidation systems. 183 66

The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical significance of urinary enzyme activity in patients with diabetes mellitus. Patients were divided into two groups: group A - 102 outpatients, group B-23 inpatients. Spot urine samples before breakfast from group A and aliquots of 24-hours urine collections at 4 degrees C from group B were used. Urinary enzyme activities (N-acetyl- beta-D-glucosaminidase: NAG, alkaline phosphatase: ALP, leucine aminopeptidase: LAP, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase: gamma-GTP) were determined by spectrophotometric assay, rate assay, Tuppy method and Orlowski method, respectively. 1) In group A, the percentage of the cases which showed higher than the normal range (NAG: 1.3-8.7, ALP: 4.2-17.7, LAP: 0-22.9 U/g. cer.) was 42.2% in NAG, 21.6% in ALP, and 8.8% in LAP. In a multiple regression analysis, the predictor variables which contributed to NAG were HbA1c, age, urinary protein and the one that contributed to ALP, LAP, gamma-GTP was urinary beta 2-microglobulin. 2) In group B, 87% of NAG was above the normal range (Mean +/- 2 SD; 4.8 +/- 3.9 U/day). There was no difference in the NAG activity between patients with and without nephropathy. The percent of high activities of ALP, LAP and gamma-GTP were 17%, 17%, 4%, respectively. Most of them were patients with nephropathy. There were correlations among ALP, LAP and gamma-GTP, though no correlation existed between NAG and the other three enzymes. These results suggested: 1) NAG reflects lysosomal dysfunction of both glomerular and proximal tubular epithelial cells which may be caused by poor glycemic control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Clinical significance of urinary enzymes in diabetes mellitus]. 197 16

The aim of the work was to investigate functional changes of tubular cells after i.v. urography. As evidence the authors used assessment of urinary levels of membrane-bound enzymes--alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase, lysosomally bound enzymes N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and its isoenzyme B and the low molecular protein, beta-2-microglobulin. The above substance were assessed in 15 patients with different nephropathies where i.v. urography was indicated. The examinations were made in 24-hour urine samples before i.v. urography and in two 24-hour samples after administration of the contrast substance. In all patients a significant rise of tubular enzyme excretion was observated as well as of beta-2-microglobulin. The greatest rise was recorded in alkaline phosphatase in the second sample after administration of the contrast substance (432% of the initial value). Beta-2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-D-glucoseaminidase rose already during the first collection period (B2M to 357% and NAG to 181% of the initial values). The authors conclude that i.v. urography made by hyperosmolar iodinated preparations (Verografin, Iodamide) significantly affects the function and integrity of the proximal tubule. The applied spectrum of examinations is suitable also for further investigations of the effect of contrast substances on cells of the proximal renal tubule.
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PMID:[Manifestations of dysfunction of the proximal tubules after intravenous urography]. 218 70

In patients undergoing aortic-coronary bypass operations, essentially similar ultrastructural changes are found both in the fragments removed from the coronary arteries and in veins from the saphenous system that are about to be used as autografts. The most important changes involve the intima and media, and include an increase in the number of 'm' smooth muscle cells and degenerating or dying cells, together with enlargement of the total intercellular space of the media and an increase in the proportion of dysplastic collagen fibrils found there. Furthermore, both the venous grafts and the varicose veins of heavy smokers who inhale show an increase in the calcium content that is independent of age. On the other hand, varicose veins which have been stripped show no alteration in either beta-NAG or alkaline phosphatase activity as a result of smoking; although, in parts of the saphenous veins mobilised for transplantation, an increase in the activity of both enzymes is found which is dependent upon the number of cigarettes daily consumed by the patient.
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PMID:[Calcium determination, enzyme biochemical and electron microscopy studies of saphenous veins in patients with coronary sclerosis or varicose veins]. 236 Mar 65

Excretion patterns of kidney related urinary proteins such as lysosomal beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (beta NAG), brush-border Ala-(Leu-Gly)-aminopeptidase (AAP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (AP) as well as of IgG, albumin, and alpha-1-microglobulin, were assessed in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (n = 53), pyelonephritis (n = 27), systemic lupus erythematodes (n = 5), and patients with essential arterial hypertension (n = 18). Excretion of tubular marker enzymes and serumproteins (related to urine creatinine concentration = protein creatinine index) in spontaneously voided second morning urine was significantly higher as compared to the controls (n = 2). Alpha-1-microglobulin was markedly elevated in both pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis indicating disturbance in tubulointerstitial handling of microglobulins also in cases with primary glomerulopathy. Rise of albumin, IgG, and alpha-1-microglobulin as well as of tubular kidney markers AAP, AP, GGT, and beta NAG in cases with arterial hypertension without preexisting nephropathy support the hypothesis of a defect in charge and size permselectivity in these patients which is probably due to an increase in glomerular capillary perfusion pressure and hyperfiltration.
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PMID:Kidney- and serum derived proteins in urine of patients suffering from renal diseases or arterial hypertension. 247 9

Renal toxicity is the major side effect of cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (CDDP) and it develops renal tubular damage. In the present study, the acute changes of urinary beta-glucuronidase (beta-GL) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities following CDDP administration as indicators of its toxicity were studied in 5 patients with urological malignant tumors. The activities were measured for 11 days continuously from the day before CDDP administration. In all cases, both urinary enzyme activities increased with CDDP administration. Increase patterns of urinary beta-GL activities were similar to those of urinary NAG, but remarkably-high values of beta-GL activities were found in cases of urothelial tumors probably because urinary beta-GL derives from the kidney (lysosomes of tubular cells) and from the epithelial cells of urinary tract. Urinary ALP activities changed corresponding well with urinary gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP). This study shows that the determination of urinary beta-GL is not a significant marker of CDDP renal toxicity, especially in cases with urological malignancies, in contrast to results for urinary brush border enzyme activities such as ALP or gamma-GTP.
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PMID:[Study on urinary beta-glucuronidase and alkaline phosphatase activities as indicators of CDDP renal toxicity]. 272 12

Excretion of urinary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27), gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT, EC 2.3.2.2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP, EC 3.1.3.1), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP, EC 3.4.11.-), alanine aminotransferase (GPT, EC 2.6.1.2) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG, EC 3.2.1.30) was studied following a single i.v. application of 1 mg mercuric chloride/kg body weight or a radio contrast medium (SH H 340 AB) at a dose of 7.5 g iodine/kg body weight in rats. Measurements of urinary enzymes and serum urea nitrogen and creatinine were carried out on the second, third, fourth and ninth days after treatment. Histological examinations of kidneys were performed on day 9. A drastic increase in urinary LDH and moderate increase in gamma-GT, ALP and AAP and a very slight increase in GPT was observed in the first 18-h urine samples after mercuric chloride. This increase in enzymuria was associated with a drastic increase in serum urea nitrogen and creatinine, with a maximum on day 4. The radio contrast medium-treated animals showed a similar but less pronounced pattern of urinary enzymes excretion and only a slight increase of serum urea nitrogen on day 2. A good correlation was found between histological findings and enzymuria as well as serum urea nitrogen and creatinine. Thus, determination of only some urinary enzymes (LDH and gamma-GT) is valuable in predicting early nephrotoxicity and sufficient for the diagnosis of proximal tubule damage in rats.
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PMID:Value of enzyme determinations in urine for the diagnosis of nephrotoxicity in rats. 287 61


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