Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the bone marrow, an elaborate stroma forms the structural basis of the hemopoietic microenvironment. In this study, two different types of stromal cells were identified with certainty on tissue sections of intact bone marrow of rats and mice using light and electron microscopic histochemistry: (a) a fibroblast-type of reticulum cell which is characterized by having alkaline phosphatase associated with its plasma membrane. We refer to this cell as the alkaline-phosphatase-positive reticulum cell (Al-RC). It is closely associated with granulocytic precursors, particularly myeloblasts and neutrophilic promyelocytes. These reticulum cells may be found throughout the marrow but are concentrated near the endosteum. (b) a macrophage-type of reticulum cell which is characterized by its abundance of lysosomal acid phosphatase and is mainly associated with erythroid precursors (as observed by others). In contrast to the above-mentioned cell type, this latter cell was found to be distributed uniformly throughout the marrow. We speculate that the Al-RC are mesenchymal stromal cells necessary for granulocytic differentiation in bone marrow.
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PMID:Association of alkaline-phosphatase-positive reticulum cells in bone marrow with granulocytic precursors. 51 86

Poly(A)-containing mRNAs labeled with [methyl-3H]methionine were isolated from nucleated erythroid cells obtained from the spleens of anemic mice. The RNAs were further separated into non-globin poly(A)-containing RNAs and highly purified globin mRNA by globin cDNA-cellulose affinity chromatography. DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography of the T2 ribonuclease digestion products of the cDNA-purified globin mRNA fraction yielded methylated resistant fragments with charges of -4.7 (Cap 1) and -5.3 (Cap 2). Digestion of the non-globin RNA fraction revealed a similar pattern with the addition of a methylated mononucleotide identified as 6-methyladenosine at -2 charges. Alkaline phosphatase treatment of the T2 resistant fragments reduced their charges by approximately 2, which is consistent with the removal of one terminal phosphate. Treatment of the globin T2 and alkaline phosphatase-resistant fragments withpenicillium P1 nuclease and alkaline phosphatase yielded a P1-resistant core structure in both fragments. In addition to the core, 2'-O-methylcytidine (Cm) was released from the more negatively charged globin fragment. The P1-resistant cores of the cap structures eluted from DEAE-Sephadex with the known standard m2G5'ppp5'Am and were found to be pyrophosphatase-sensitive establishing a 5'-5'-triphosphate linkage. The pyrophosphatase and alkaline phosphatase digestion products of the globin Cap 1 and Cap 2 core structures were analyzed by high voltage electrophoresis and paper chromatography and found to be 7-methyiguanosine (m7G) and the dimethylated nucleoside 6-methyl-2'-O-methyladenosine (N6mAm). A small amount of the singularly methylated adenosine, 2'-O-methyladenosine (Am) was also observed. The predominant sequences of the methylated nucleosides in the globin cap structures are therefore m7G5'ppp5'N6mAm and m7G5'ppp5'N6mAmpCm.
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PMID:Methylated nucleosides in globin mRNA from mouse nucleated erythroid cells. 83 41

Blood and bone marrow cells of pangolins have been examined histochemically. Sudanophilia, PAS positivity and acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase reactivity were confined to cells of the granulocytic and monocytic series, while peroxidase reactivity was confined to cells of the erythroid series. In this latter respect the pangolin is unique among mammals so far studied.
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PMID:Histochemistry of blood and bone marrow cells in pangolins. 85 92

Poly(A)-containing messenger RNA isolated from rabbit reticulocytes as estimated by periodate oxidation and condensation with [3H]isoniazid has two oxidizable end groups per molecule of mol. wt. 220000. When the mRNA is subjected to stepwise degradation by beta-elimination, only one oxidizable end-group is found. This indicates that one of the 2',3' hydroxyl end-groups is linked through the normal 3'--5' phosphodiester bond, but that the other is linked in such a way that after stepwise degradation no new 2',3 hydroxyl group is revealed. This structure could be a 5'-linked 5'-phospho di- or tri-ester. On digestion with ribonuclease the isoniazid-labelled RNA produced oligonucleotide hydrazones consistent with a poly(A) sequence at the 3' end plus fragments that are not found after stepwise degradation. These fragments have a charge of --6 and --8 from pancreatic ribonuclease or --7 from ribonuclease T1 digestion. These charges are changed to --3.4 and --4.1 after pancreatic ribonuclease, ribonuclease T2 and alkaline phosphatase digestion. methyl-3H-labelled-poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from late erythroid cells contain a methyl-labelled fragment resistant to endonuclease and phosphodiesterase II digestion. After digestion with phosphodiesterase I this fragment produces methyl-3 H-labelled nucleotides with the electrophoretic mobility of pm7G and pAm. It is concluded that globin mRNA has the 5' sequences m7G(5')ppp'AmpYpGp ... and m7G(5')pppAmpApGpYp.
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PMID:The nature of the 5'-linked 5' nucleotide sequence at the 5' end of rabbit globin messenger ribonucleic acid. 94 25

Four of six siblings, offspring of Sicillian first cousins, developed a clinical disorder in early adulthood affecting the hematopoietic and immunoglobulin-producing systems. A female sibling died at age 21 with myeloid aplasia and agranulocytosis. A male sibling, at age 17, presented with erythroid and plasma cell aplasia with hypogammaglobulinemia. Two other female siblings, ages 21 and 35, had a lymphoproliferative disorder associated with hypogammaglobulinemia. In two of the affected subjects there was complete absence of the enzyme leukocyte alkaline phosphatase. Electron microscopic studies of the peripheral leukocytes from these two subjects and from one of the two asymptomatic siblings showed curious intranuclear and intracytoplasmic linear "crystalloid" structures in the mature neutrophils. It is postulated that the family contains a genetic defect, transmitted as an autosomal recessive by the heterozygous parents, that produces a stem-cell disorder manifested by myeloid, erythroid, and plasma cell aplasias, unique electron microscopic findings, and morphologic and functional abnormalities in later generations of cells.
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PMID:Myeloid, erythroid, and immune system defects in a family. A new stem-cell disorder? 113 61

Cell surface antigen expression during proliferation and differentiation of human erythroid progenitors was examined using a combination of sequential micromanipulations of paired daughter cells derived from erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) and immuno-staining with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Single hematopoietic progenitors were identified in methylcellulose cultures containing human cord blood mononuclear cells and micromanipulated individually to secondary culture. Paired daughter cells, granddaughter cells, and subsequent generations, whose counterparts produced erythroid bursts, were stained with various cytochemical and immuno-alkaline phosphatase stainings. Most paired daughter cells of BFU-E immunostained positively with anti-platelet glycoprotein(GP) IIb, antiplatelet GPIIb/IIIa, anti-HLA-DR, and antitransferrin receptor antibodies. Acid phosphatase staining was also positive. Neither CD34 nor CD33 antigens were identified on the cells. CD36 and blood group A antigens were first identified on cells from aggregates containing 32 to 64 cells after 4 days of secondary culture and preceded the expression of glycophorin A and hemoglobin alpha. These results indicate that various cell surface antigens were sequentially expressed during the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitors, and that our procedure may be useful for clarifying the morphologic and immunologic properties of hematopoietic stem cells.
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PMID:Changes in cell surface antigen expressions during proliferation and differentiation of human erythroid progenitors. 163 21

The hepatic abnormalities that developed after the splenectomy in 10 subjects with idiopathic myelofibrosis were analyzed. In all patients in whom a liver biopsy was performed during the splenectomy, extramedullary hematopoiesis was demonstrated, consisting of dysmorphic megakaryocytes primarily localized in the sinusoids, often accompanied by erythroid precursors. Following splenectomy, a significant increase in both the liver size and serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin or gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was found within 6 months, whereas no such increase was observed in the serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase concentrations. In addition, 2 patients developed acute liver failure leading to death at 3 and 4 weeks from splenectomy, respectively. In contrast with these findings, no hepatic alterations were observed in 10 chronic myeloid leukemia patients who were also submitted to splenectomy.
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PMID:Liver dysfunction following splenectomy in idiopathic myelofibrosis: a study of 10 patients. 167 28

Myelodysplastic syndromes (SMD) were studied in 58 patients (37 men, 21 women; mean age 61 years, range 18-81) who were grouped according to FAB criteria (Table 1). None of them showed a secondary SMD to medullary toxic agents or cytostatic treatments although 5 presented concomitant neoplastic disease. Morphologic alterations in peripheral blood smears and bone marrow were registered by 3 hematologists working independently. The intracellular and extracellular iron deposits were evaluated in every case with Perls; peroxidase activity was determined in 16 patients and intraleucocitary alkaline phosphatase reaction was carried out in 17 patients. Twenty five patients (43%) had refractory anemia (RA); 10 (17%) sideroblastic anemia; 13 (25%) refractory anemia with excess of blasts (AREB); 3 (5%) AREB in transformation (AREB-T) and 7 myelomonocytic leukemia (LMMC). Clinical manifestations at diagnosis are described in Table 2. In the observation period there were cases of anemia requiring transfusion, bacterial infections, muco-cutaneous hemorrhage and hemorrhagic episodes in the central nervous system. In the bone marrow smears the cellularity was normal or increased in 53 cases and diminished in only 3. The degree of dysplastic characteristics (erythroid, granulocytic and megakaryocytic) ranged from low to severe. It was low in most of AR, being the erythroid population the most affected in AS and the granulocytic one in AREB and AREB-T. Patients with LMMC showed similar characteristics to those with myeloproliferative syndromes and the differential diagnosis were sometimes difficult, accounting for their separate inclusion in Table 4. Out of 23 patients, 5 presented clonal pathology detected in cytogenetic studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Myelodysplastic syndrome: experience of the Study and Treatment of Bone Marrow Failure Group]. 213 Feb 4

K562 is a human leukemic cell line used as model of hematopoietic differentiation. A variety of differentiation-inducing agents was used in this study, and the expression of surface membrane antigens associated with specific lineages of differentiation and changes in the cytochemistry of the induced cells were monitored. Sodium butyrate, hemin, retinoic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and interferon induced unique alterations in the binding of monoclonal antibodies specific for erythroid, granulocytic, monocytic, and megakaryocytic lineages. Hemoglobinization, Sudan Black B, glycogen content, nonspecific esterase, alkaline phosphatase, and 5'-nucleotidase staining were also altered. K562 cells were terminally differentiated with PMA to nitroblue tetrazolium-(NBT) positive macrophages. Expression of 3-fucosyl-N-acetyl lactosamine, previously thought to be myeloid specific but found on all early hematopoietic progenitors, was modulated during differentiation to nonmyeloid lineages. Lineage infidelity was noted during functional differentiation along all hematopoietic lineages. The presence of multiple lineage surface markers and cytoplasmic characteristics in leukemic cells is not indicative of lack of potential to differentiate. K562 cells cannot be compared to any normal stage of hematopoietic differentiation, but they do have the capacity to differentiate along erythroid, macrophage, and megakaryocytic lineages.
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PMID:Differentiation of K562 leukemia cells along erythroid, macrophage, and megakaryocyte lineages. 242 57

Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) was administered at a dose of 1-60 micrograms/kg of body weight to 22 patients with transitional cell carcinoma before chemotherapy as part of a Phase I/II study. In all patients, a specific dose-dependent increase in the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 1.8-12 fold was seen. In addition, this augmentation in the ANC was accompanied by an increase in leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, a marker of secondary granule formation. In six of eight patients analyzed, an increase in bone marrow myeloid to erythroid cell ratio was seen. Day 14 peripheral blood cell derived colony forming unit granulocyte macrophage were also increased by day 6 of rhG-CSF treatment. Circulating levels of eosinophils and basophils were unchanged; however, a 10-fold increase in monocytes was observed in patients treated at the highest doses. There was also a small increase in CD3+ lymphocytes that was not dose dependent. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count remained near baseline throughout the period of rhG-CSF administration. These findings demonstrate that rhG-CSF is a potent stimulus for normal neutrophil proliferation and maturation.
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PMID:Phase I study of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium. 245 63


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