Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immature mice were treated for 21 days with daily doses of triamcinolone diacetate. The trigeminal ganglion was studied enzymatically for the activity of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase. It became apparent that the prolonged treatment with a potent corticosteroid hormone did not affect significantly the in vivo activity of the above enzymes. Some enzymes even appeared to have increased their intracellular activity. The heterogeneous effect of corticosteroid upon their peripheral target organs is discussed.
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PMID:Activity of phosphatases and succinic dehydrogenase in the trigeminal ganglion of the corticosteroid-treated mouse. 20 36

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae PEP3 gene was cloned from a wild-type genomic library by complementation of the carboxypeptidase Y deficiency in a pep3-12 strain. Subclone complementation results localized the PEP3 gene to a 3.8-kb DNA fragment. The DNA sequence of the fragment was determined; a 2,754-bp open reading frame predicts that the PEP3 gene product is a hydrophilic, 107-kDa protein that has no significant similarity to any known protein. The PEP3 predicted protein has a zinc finger (CX2CX13CX2C) near its C terminus that has spacing and slight sequence similarity to the adenovirus E1a zinc finger. A radiolabeled PEP3 DNA probe hybridized to an RNA transcript of 3.1 kb in extracts of log-phase and diauxic lag-phase cells. Cells bearing pep3 deletion/disruption alleles were viable, had decreased levels of protease A, protease B, and carboxypeptidase Y antigens, had decreased repressible alkaline phosphatase activity, and contained very few normal vacuolelike organelles by fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy but had an abundance of extremely small vesicles that stained with carboxyfluorescein diacetate, were severely inhibited for growth at 37 degrees C, and were incapable of sporulating (as homozygotes). Fractionation of cells expressing a bifunctional PEP3::SUC2 fusion protein indicated that the PEP3 gene product is present at low abundance in both log-phase and stationary cells and is a vacuolar peripheral membrane protein. Sequence identity established that PEP3 and VPS18 (J. S. Robinson, T. R. Graham, and S. D. Emr, Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:5813-5824, 1991) are the same gene.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of PEP3, a gene required for vacuolar biogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 194 64

Isolated rat hepatocytes maintained in primary culture on gas permeable membrane for 20 h form monolayers and establish at their cell borders a network of canaliculi (approximate diameter 3.5 micron). In the presence of the known choleretic bile acid dehydrocholate, dilation of canaliculi occurs. When nonfluorescent carboxyfluorescein diacetate ester is added to the culture medium, fluorescent carboxyfluorescein appears in the intracanalicular space. In the dilated state, fluid containing the fluorescent compound could be collected from the canaliculi by puncture with a micropipette. The intracanalicular space shows a negative electrical potential difference of 31 mV in reference to the bath solution and is 13.5 mV more positive with reference to recordings from the cytosol of cultured rat hepatocytes. Cultured rat hepatocytes grown on gas permeable membrane are energetically stable over 3 d. On Day 4, ATP levels increase markedly, whereas Na+-K+-ATPase activity declines. Ionic composition of hepatocytes, as measured by electronprobe element analysis on cryosection samples, does not change markedly during monolayer formation. With formation of bile canaliculi, the activity of alkaline phosphatase rapidly increases within 24 h and is stable for the next 3 d. Within that time the activity of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, however, increases steadily, reaching a 1.6-fold higher activity than freshly isolated hepatocytes. Bile acids appear in the culture supernatant after 1 d. When unconjugated [14C]cholic acid is added to the cultures the supernatant contains also [14C]tauro- and [14C]glycocholic acid, indicating the preservation of conjugation capacity in these cultures. Total bile acid concentrations in the supernatant increase from 5 to 26 microM on Day 4. The cultures do not secrete alpha-fetoprotein. Monolayer cultures of hepatocytes in the presence of choleretic bile acids seem to be a suitable model system to collect and to analyze the composition of primary bile. In conjunction with the electrical parameters, it is possible to describe directly properties of bile secretion at the canalicular pole of the intact hepatocyte.
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PMID:Primary liver cell cultures grown on gas permeable membrane as source for the collection of primary bile. 289 70

Effect of treatment of female rats with an oral contraceptive agent (OCA), Ovulen-50, for 7 weeks on agglutination of hepatocytes with concanavalin A (con A) and activities of certain tumor marker enzymes were examined to find out if OCA treatment is related to preneoplastic or neoplastic processes. Hepatocytes from regenerating and nonregenerating livers of control female rats showed negligible agglutination with Con A, whereas hepatocytes from non regenerating but not from the regenerating livers of female rats treated with a combination of 5 micrograms ethinyl estradiol and 100 micrograms ethynodiol diacetate showed agglutination. Of the tumor marker enzymes such as hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), and arginase examined in the liver, only gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase showed a significant increase in activity in the steroid-treated rats. Plasma alkaline phosphatase activity was also higher in the treated animals. However, the magnitude of the changes observed was relatively small and perhaps unrelated to the neoplastic process.
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PMID:Effects of female sex steroids on concanavalin A-mediated agglutination of hepatocytes from nonregenerating and regenerating rat liver and hepatic tumor marker enzymes. 343 81

Two in vitro cytotoxicity procedures, the measurement of cell-membrane integrity using fluorescein diacetate and ethidium bromide, and the quantitation of the release of a cell-membrane-bound enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, were used to assess the cytotoxicity of a range of cationic, anionic and nonionic detergents. The in vitro results were compared with the in vivo irritancy of these compounds in the rabbit eye. Although in general the decreasing order of potency of cationic, anionic and nonionic detergents was similar in vivo and in vitro, there were some apparent anomalies which may be due to the differing penetration characteristics of the detergents, as indicated by electrical impedance measurements of the isolated cornea. The study was extended to an examination of the cytotoxicity of a range of completely soluble, detergent-based formulations in a suspension culture of mouse fibroblasts. In this case the in vitro results correlated more closely with those from the in vivo tests.
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PMID:An in vitro cytotoxicity test to predict the ocular irritation potential of detergents and detergent products. 404 73

Twenty patients with malignant liver lesions underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with manganese (II) DPDP [N,N'-dipyridoxylethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetate 5,5'-bis(phosphate)] to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the contrast agent. In two groups of 10 patients each, 5 mumol/kg Mn-DPDP was administered intravenously (3 mL/min) at a concentration of either 50 or 10 mumol/mL. T1- and T2-weighted images were obtained with a 1.5-T imager. Six patients reported a total of eight instances of side effects (flush, feeling of warmth, metallic taste) of which seven occurred at the 50 mumol/mL concentration. A significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase levels 2 hours after injection was recorded. On T1-weighted images, the 10 mumol/mL formulation yielded significantly greater increases in contrast-to-noise ratio (79.8%-137.5%) than the 50 mumol/mL formulation (46.2%-86.6%). In a blinded reader study of 10 patients with one to five lesions each, no lesion was missed on Mn-DPDP--enhanced T1-weighted images; however, four false-positive foci were identified. The authors conclude that slow administration of 5 mumol/kg Mn-DPDP at a concentration of 10 mumol/mL is safe and efficient enough to proceed to further clinical trials.
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PMID:Mn-DPDP-enhanced MR imaging of malignant liver lesions: efficacy and safety in 20 patients. 840 May 58

Sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB), a mixture of esters of sucrose with a composition approximating the name sucrose diacetate hexaisobutyrate, has been used for over 30 yr in many countries as a 'weighting' or 'density-adjusting' agent in non-alcoholic carbonated and non-carbonated beverages. As part of the demonstration of safety of SAIB as a direct food additive in human diets, a program of toxicity testing was started in the late 1950s that culminated in extensive studies of SAIB in rodents, monkeys and humans over the last decade. This review summarizes the toxicity data, accrued up until 1988, that precede the safety studies published elsewhere in this issue. SAIB has been shown to have very low acute and chronic toxicities in rats, monkeys, and, except for effects on the liver, in dogs at feeding levels of up to 10% in the diet. Slight effects seen in rats and monkeys at levels of 10% in the diet are unlikely to be directly caused by exposure to SAIB. In dogs, however, SAIB causes decreases in bromosulfophthalein (BSP) and indocyanine green (ICG) elimination from the serum immediately following a single dose, indicative of interference with biliary excretion. On repeated feeding in dogs, SAIB caused increases in serum alkaline phosphatase levels, but enzymes indicative of toxic effects on the liver were unaffected. On prolonged feeding to dogs, SAIB caused changes in liver morphology revealed by electron microscopy. All of these effects were reversed when SAIB was withdrawn from the diet. The no-effect level for these effects in dogs was near 5 mg/kg body weight, but these effects were not seen in rats fed up to 4 g/kg body weight/day, monkeys fed up to 10 g/kg body weight/day, or humans fed up to 20 mg/kg body weight/day. The toxicity and pharmacological studies in dogs, rats and monkeys suggest that the effect of SAIB on biliary excretion and liver morphology in dogs is essentially pharmacological rather than toxicological in nature and that the difference between the effects in dogs at levels as low as 5 mg/kg body weight/day, and the lack of effects in rats or monkeys at levels up to 10 g/kg/day is not merely a quantitative difference between species, but an absolute qualitative difference.
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PMID:Sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB): historical aspects of its use in beverages and a review of toxicity studies prior to 1988. 951 46

Adult human osteoblastic cells were grown in a native type I collagen gel. Proliferation and viability analyses showed that cells rapidly stopped dividing and became blocked in the G0G1 phase (91% on day 13). Carboxyfluorescein diacetate cell staining and flow cytometry showed that osteoblasts were viable for the first 16 days and then viability decreased (58% viable cells on day 22). Osteoblasts were able to retract the matrix. Betaglycerophosphate (betaGP) stimulated the deposition of mineral particles in the collagen network, and electron probe microanalysis showed that they were principally calcium and phosphorus, with a Ca/P ratio of about 1.7. Various times of betaGP supply were tested. We compared 10 mM betaGP added only once at day 0, or continuously from day 0, day 8, or day 21. Mineralization was observed in conditions where betaGP was added at day 0. Furthermore, 10 mM betaGP added once during gel preparation was sufficient to induce mineralization with mineral accumulation up to day 15 whereas the speed of the gel contraction decreased. In every condition, cultures expressed high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels as early as day 3, which decreased afterwards. These kinetics might explain why the other conditions did not prove favorable to the mineralization process. The model was used to study the influence of blocking gel retraction. Blocking retraction delayed the ALP activity decrease, but had no effect on mineralization. In conclusion, human adult osteoblasts cultured in native collagen gel stopped proliferation and underwent mineralization very early. This model should be used to investigate the influence of effectors on the early stages of culture.
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PMID:Mineralization and alkaline phosphatase activity in collagen lattices populated by human osteoblasts. 1060 42

The enzymatic dephosphorylation of the magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent Teslascan was studied in in vitro experiments with acid phosphatase (prostatic, from human semen) and alkaline phosphatase (from human placenta). The active component, MnDPDP (manganese (II)-N,N'-dipyridoxylethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetate-5,5'-bis(phosphate), was dephosphorylated by both enzymes to the monophosphate MnDPMP and the totally dephosphorylated compound MnPLED. The corresponding zinc compound, ZnDPDP (which is a result of in vivo metabolism), was also dephosphorylated by both enzymes to ZnDPMP and ZnPLED. In separate experiments, both enzymes dephosphorylated MnDPMP and ZnDPMP. With the same amount of enzyme units, alkaline phosphatase was almost four times more active than acid phosphatase in dephosphorylating MnDPDP and ZnDPDP with only minor differences whether the substrate contained Mn or Zn. A similar difference in enzymatic activity was seen with the monophosphates, MnDPMP and ZnDPMP. This, taken together with the approximately 50 times higher activity of alkaline phosphatase than acid phosphatase in serum shows that alkaline phosphatase is responsible for most of the dephosphorylation of MnDPDP and its metabolites in vivo.
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PMID:Dephosphorylation of MnDPDP and related compounds by acid and alkaline phosphatase. 1137 42

Mercury (Hg) is a persistent soil pollutant that affects soil microbial activity. We monitored the changes in soil microbial biomass and activity of enzymes, including alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolytic activity, and o-diphenol oxidase (o-DPO) in three soils contaminated with different concentrations of Hg. Increasing levels of Hg, from 0.5 to 10 micromol/g of dried soil, generally depressed microbial activity; however, the effects of Hg on soil microbial activity depended on soil type and composition, particularly organic matter content. o-DPO was less affected by Hg than the other three enzymes tested. Our results indicate that the analysis of microbial biomass content and soil-enzyme activities may be used to predict the soil quality contaminated with Hg.
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PMID:Effects of mercury on microbial biomass and enzyme activities in soil. 1295 9


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