Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activities of 5'-nucleotidase, 2'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase were measured in rat and autopsied human brains. The four phosphatases in the rat brain showed little change in activity after death. The activities of adenosine-producing enzymes were compared in various parts of rat and human brains. When phosphatase activity was measured at pH 7.5, 5'-nucleotidase showed the highest activity in the most parts of the brain. The activity of 2'-nucleotidase and that of nonspecific phosphatase were almost the same at pH 7.5. However, higher phosphatase activity was observed in all parts of the brain when nonspecific phosphatase activity was measured at pH 10.0 or 5.5. High specific activity of 5'-nucleotidase in the brain was detected in the membranous components, especially in the synaptic membranes. The activity of 2'-nucleotidase was distributed in the soluble and synaptosomal fractions. The highest activity of both alkaline and acid phosphatases was recovered in the crude mitochondrial fraction, with the highest specific activity in the microsomal fraction. Phosphatase activity was distributed widely in the rat brain. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase was high in the medulla oblongata, thalamus, and hippocampus, but low in the peripheral nerve, spinal cord, and occipital lobe. The activity of 2'-nucleotidase was high in the vermis and frontal lobe. The highest acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were detected in the frontal lobe and in the olfactory bulb, respectively. The distribution of the four phosphatases in the autopsied human brain was similar to that in the rat brain. The highest 5'-nucleotidase activity was observed in the temporal lobe and thalamus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Regional and subcellular distribution in mammalian brain of the enzymes producing adenosine. 632 54

Alkaline phosphatase examined in the bull olfactory mucosa receptor cells using a cytochemical method for its activity is found to be a marker of neurogenesis and differentiation of the receptor cells. The enzyme localization is shown to change with the production of a receptor neuron dendrite and axon. The role alkaline phosphatase may play in the transmembrane and intracellular transport of substances and in microtubular structure polymerization during the cell differentiation is discussed.
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PMID:[Alkaline phosphatase in the differentiating receptor cells of the bull olfactory lining]. 721 Jan 81

The subacute inhalation toxicity of alpha-ethylacrolein was examined in rats by repeated exposure of 4 groups of 10 males and 10 females each to alpha-ethylacrolein vapour at concentrations of 0, 2.0, 9.8 or 48.4 ppm, respectively, (6 h/day, 5 days/week) for a period of 13 weeks. The effects at 48.4 ppm were found to include growth retardation, focal alopecia, increased activity of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum, decreased concentrations of total protein and albumin in the blood serum, increased relative weight of the heart, liver, adrenals and lungs, and histopathological changes in the respiratory tract mainly consisting of hyper- and metaplasia of respiratory epithelium and atrophy of the nasal olfactory epithelium. While at the 9.8 ppm level only a few relatively minor effects were noticed, viz. decreased concentrations of total protein and albumin in the blood serum and minimal hyper- and metaplasia of the tracheobronchial epithelium, no changes attributable to alpha-ethylacrolein were observed at the 2.0 ppm level.
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PMID:Repeated exposure to alpha-ethylacrolein vapour: subacute toxicity study in rats. 733 39

Biochemical and electrophoretic characteristics of enzyme alkaline phosphatase and its localization in the bull's olfactory mucose structures have been investigated. The activity of enzymes was found to change with odour stimulation. Using electron microscope histochemistry a considerable activity of this enzyme has been demonstrated in the structures secreting olfactory mucus, and in the mucus itself, with alkaline phosphatase macromolecules being concentrated on the surface membrane of olfactory cilia, forming a layer around these. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was found in some receptor cells. The electrophoretic analysis allowed to find five molecular forms of alkaline phosphatase, having different substrate specificity. Isoenzymes II and III, splitting alpha-sodium naphthylphosphate, displayed similar properties with those of intestinal serum isoenzymes. Other three of the five isoenzymes of olfactorymucose have no analogues in the serum that could be regarded as a possible involvement in olfactory epithelium of phosphatases performing specific functions typical of this receptor organ.
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PMID:[Alkaline phosphatase properties of the olfactory lining of the bull]. 743 64

Repeated inhalation of nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2) by F344/N rats for 3 months results in chronic active inflammation in the lung and atrophy of the olfactory epithelium. The primary purpose of this study was to determine early responses of the respiratory tract to inhaled Ni3S2 in rats and to track the course of development of such lesions in rats exposed for up to 22 days. A secondary purpose was to obtain an improved estimate of the half-time for clearance of Ni from Ni3S2-exposed lungs. Groups of F344/N rats were exposed to 0, 0.6 or 2.5 mg Ni3S2/m3, 6 h/day for 1-22 days. Histopathological changes in nose and lung, as well as biochemical and cytological changes in lung, as measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue, alveolar macrophage (AM) viability and Ni concentration in lung were evaluated. Inflammatory lung lesions in rats exposed to 2.5 mg Ni3S2/m3 peaked in intensity after 4 days of exposure. Minimal degeneration of the olfactory epithelium was noted in the 2.5 mg Ni3S2/m3-exposed rats after day 4 of exposure, with atrophy of the olfactory epithelium occurring in rats killed at 22 days. Lactate dehydrogenase, beta-glucuronidase and total protein in BALF were significantly elevated within 7 days of exposure while alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly depressed. AM viability was significantly reduced after 2 days of exposure. Concentrations of Ni in lung increased rapidly during the first 7 days of exposure, but more slowly thereafter. Lung burden data from this and a previous study suggest a clearance half-time for Ni of 3.5-8 days. Results indicate that Ni3S2 is relatively soluble in lung and inhalation of concentrations near the current Threshold Limit Value of 1 mg Ni/m3 can produce detrimental changes in the respiratory tract of rats after only a few days of exposure.
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PMID:Pulmonary toxicity of nickel subsulfide in F344/N rats exposed for 1-22 days. 852 92

Ethanol acts as a teratogen in developing fetuses causing abnormalities of the brain, heart, craniofacial bones, and limb skeletal elements. To assess whether some teratogenic actions of ethanol might occur via dysregulation of msx2 expression, we examined msx2 expression in developing mouse embryos exposed to ethanol on embryonic day (E) 8 of gestation and subjected to whole mount in situ hybridization on E11-11.5 using a riboprobe for mouse msx2. Control mice exhibited expression of msx2 in developing brain, the developing limb buds and apical ectodermal ridge, the lateral and nasal processes, olfactory pit, palatal shelf of the maxilla, the eye, the lens of the eye, otic vesicle, prevertebral bodies (notochord), and endocardial cushion. Embryos exposed to ethanol in utero were significantly smaller than their normal counterparts and did not exhibit expression of msx2 in any structures. Similarly, msx2 expression, as determined by reverse transcription-PCR and Northern blot hybridization, was reduced approximately 40-50% in fetal mouse calvarial osteoblastic cells exposed to 1% ethanol for 48 hr while alkaline phosphatase was increased by 2-fold and bone morphogenetic protein showed essentially no change. Transcriptional activity of the msx2 promoter was specifically suppressed by alcohol in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Taken together, these data demonstrate that fetal alcohol exposure decreases msx2 expression, a known regulator of osteoblast and myoblast differentiation, and suggest that one of the "putative" mechanisms for fetal alcohol syndrome is the inhibition of msx2 expression during key developmental periods leading to developmental retardation, altered craniofacial morphogenesis, and cardiac defects.
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PMID:Gestational exposure to ethanol suppresses msx2 expression in developing mouse embryos. 920 29

Collapsin-1 is a member of the semaphorin family of signaling molecules that acts as a repellent for growing spinal sensory axons. We have constructed a chimeric collapsin-1/alkaline phosphatase probe to visualize putative collapsin-1 receptors in vitro and in situ. As predicted by the activity profile of collapsin-1, the probe binds spinal sensory tracts, ventral spinal roots, and the sympathetic chain but does not bind retinal axons. In addition, we find that the probe binds sensory axons arising from the olfactory epithelium and some, but not all, cranial sensory nerves. As predicted by these binding studies, in vitro assays demonstrate that primary olfactory sensory, trigeminal, and jugular ganglion growth cones collapse in the presence of soluble collapsin-1. Comparing the expression pattern of collapsin-1 with the trajectories of collapsin-1 responsive axons suggests that in both the spinal cord and the olfactory bulb, collapsin-1 prevents premature entry of sensory axons into their target and helps determine the final location of sensory terminations.
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PMID:A role for collapsin-1 in olfactory and cranial sensory axon guidance. 933 8

To understand the clonal relationship of various olfactory bulb (OB) cell types, OB progenitor cells were infected at embryonic day (E) 14, E15, and E17 with retroviral libraries encoding alkaline phosphatase or beta-galactosidase. After survival to postnatal day 10-15, sibling relationships were identified by polymerase chain reaction DNA amplification of distinct sequences in the retroviral constructs. Within the OB, clonal progeny dispersed widely in all directions. In sharp contrast, however, clonal dispersion between the OB and neocortex was not observed, although occasional clonal dispersion between the OB and pyriform and hippocampal regions could not be excluded. Most clones (84%) contained a single cell type, especially after E17 injections, suggesting the existence of either restricted precursors, or multipotential progenitors instructed by a restricted cellular environment. Mixed OB clones (16%) contained multiple cell types in the OB, or occasionally glial or neuronal cells outside the OB, demonstrating the existence of multipotential OB progenitors, likely at a stage before formation of the olfactory rostral migratory stream. Surprisingly, OB glial cells were not labeled, suggesting distinct lineages or perhaps distinct migratory paths for glia and neurons into the OB. A hierarchical cell lineage is proposed that involves a multipotential progenitor that gives rise to potentially more limited progenitors.
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PMID:Clonal mixing, clonal restriction, and specification of cell types in the developing rat olfactory bulb. 1007 46

The effects of acupuncture on the disorders elicited by abnormalities of endocrine system were investigated in ovariectomized mice. Female mice (strain; C57BL/6) were ovariectomized (OVX) and acupuncture points, Shenshu ([Japanese pictograph see text] : BL23) on both side of the back were continuously stimulated by subcutaneous needles for 20 days. After completion of experimental sessions, animals were sacrificed and specific brain regions were assayed for catecholamine contents by high performance liquid chromatography with electro chemical detector (ECD-HPLC). The mitogenic activities of splenic lymphocytes were measured by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTS) assay and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay. Furthermore, the effects of needle stimulation on learning and memory ability were studied by the step-through type passive avoidance test. Norepinephrine and dopamine contents in the frontoparietal cerebral cortex, ventral hippocampus and olfactory bulb were decreased in the OVX group, and both MTS activity and ALP activity were decreased 20 days after ovariectomy. The mean latent period was also shortened in the passive avoidance test in the OVX group. However, applying needle stimulation increased norepinephrine and dopamine contents in the brain regions, and enhanced mitogenic activities of splenic lymphocytes. The stimulation also improved memory-related behavior. It was concluded from this study that after mice were stimulated by subcutaneous needle insertion, overall changes were observed in central nervous system (including retention of memory) and immune functions. The study suggests that acupuncture improves the memory loss and decrease of immune responses accompanying aging and/or menopause, and the that it may have an important role in medical care for the elderly.
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PMID:Acupuncture inhibits the decrease in brain catecholamine contents and the impairment of passive avoidance task in ovariectomized mice. 1047 21

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine are stored into synaptic vesicles by a recently identified vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter [VIAAT, also called vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)]. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that rat brain VIAAT migrated as a doublet during sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with a predominant slower band in all areas examined except olfactory bulb and retina. The slower band corresponded to a phosphorylated form of VIAAT as it was converted to the faster one by treating brain homogenates with alkaline phosphatase or with an endogenous phosphatase identified as type 2A protein-serine/threonine phosphatase using okadaic acid. In contrast, the recombinant protein expressed in COS-7 or PC12 cells co-migrated with the faster band of the brain doublet and was insensitive to alkaline phosphatase. To investigate the influence of VIAAT phosphorylation on vesicular neurotransmitter loading, purified synaptic vesicles were treated with alkaline phosphatase and assayed for amino acid uptake. However, neither GABA nor glycine uptake was affected by VIAAT phosphorylation. These results indicate that VIAAT is constitutively phosphorylated on cytosolic serine or threonine residues in most, but not all, regions of the rat brain. This phosphorylation does not regulate the vesicular loading of GABA or glycine, suggesting that it is involved at other stages of the synaptic vesicle life cycle.
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PMID:Constitutive phosphorylation of the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter in rat central nervous system. 1098 47


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