Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Repeated inhalation of nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2) by F344/N rats for 3 months results in chronic active inflammation in the lung and atrophy of the olfactory epithelium. The primary purpose of this study was to determine early responses of the respiratory tract to inhaled Ni3S2 in rats and to track the course of development of such lesions in rats exposed for up to 22 days. A secondary purpose was to obtain an improved estimate of the half-time for clearance of Ni from Ni3S2-exposed lungs. Groups of F344/N rats were exposed to 0, 0.6 or 2.5 mg Ni3S2/m3, 6 h/day for 1-22 days. Histopathological changes in nose and lung, as well as biochemical and cytological changes in lung, as measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue, alveolar macrophage (AM) viability and Ni concentration in lung were evaluated. Inflammatory lung lesions in rats exposed to 2.5 mg Ni3S2/m3 peaked in intensity after 4 days of exposure. Minimal degeneration of the olfactory epithelium was noted in the 2.5 mg Ni3S2/m3-exposed rats after day 4 of exposure, with atrophy of the olfactory epithelium occurring in rats killed at 22 days. Lactate dehydrogenase, beta-glucuronidase and total protein in BALF were significantly elevated within 7 days of exposure while alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly depressed. AM viability was significantly reduced after 2 days of exposure. Concentrations of Ni in lung increased rapidly during the first 7 days of exposure, but more slowly thereafter. Lung burden data from this and a previous study suggest a clearance half-time for Ni of 3.5-8 days. Results indicate that Ni3S2 is relatively soluble in lung and inhalation of concentrations near the current Threshold Limit Value of 1 mg Ni/m3 can produce detrimental changes in the respiratory tract of rats after only a few days of exposure.
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PMID:Pulmonary toxicity of nickel subsulfide in F344/N rats exposed for 1-22 days. 852 92

Lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes of the Mongolian gerbil were examined using electrophoretic techniques and were compared with those of the mouse, rat, and guinea pig. Five isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were detected in the gerbil with LDH2 and LDH5 being equally dominant. Two bands of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were distinguished in sera treated with neuraminidase in the gerbil and the relative activity of the cathodic fraction was greater than those of the mouse and rat. Genetic polymorphism was not found among the coat color variants of the Mongolian gerbil. A comparative study on LDH and ALP revealed distinct interspecific differences in the rate of the electrophoretic migration of the respective isoenzymes among the mouse, rat, guinea pig, and the Mongolian gerbil.
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PMID:Electrophoretic study of lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). 874 98

The possibility that postmortem biochemical changes in blood might parallel drug redistribution and thus serve as markers was explored in a detailed case study. Eighteen blood and 14 tissue and fluid samples were taken at autopsy 16 h after the death of a 34-year-old female from amitriptyline overdose. Ranges of drug concentrations in blood were amitriptyline 1.8 to 20.2 micrograms/mL, nortriptyline 0.6 to 7.3 micrograms/mL, levels were lowest in femoral vein and highest in pulmonary vein blood. Corresponding levels of 17 amino acids showed markedly different patterns of site-to-site variability. There was a strong positive correlation between individual amino acid and drug concentrations in pulmonary blood samples (n = 5), particularly for glycine, leucine, methionine, serine, and valine. In blood samples from the great veins and right heart (n = 10), the correlation was less strong (r = 0.6 to 0.7). Methionine showed a strong positive correlation in pulmonary samples (r = 0.93), and negative correlation in great veing samples (r = -0.68). Lactic acid showed a strong negative correlation in pulmonary samples (r = -0.93) but a positive correlation in great vein samples (r = 0.71). Alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glucose, and bilirubin had a weak positive correlation with drug levels in great vein samples but not pulmonary samples. The results suggest that hepatic enzymes are relatively poor markers for postmortem hepatic drug shifts but that amino acids, particularly methionine, may be useful markers for pulmonary drug shifts.
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PMID:Possible markers for postmortem drug redistribution. 898 78

The effect of medium pH on the activity of cultured human osteoblasts was investigated in this study. Osteoblasts derived from explants of human trabecular bone were grown to confluence and subcultured. The first-pass cells were incubated in Hepes-buffered media at initial pHs adjusted from 7.0 to 7.8. Osteoblast function was evaluated by measuring lactate production, alkaline phosphatase activity, proline hydroxylation, DNA content, and thymidine incorporation. Changes in medium pH were determined from media pHs recorded at the beginning and end of the final 48 h incubation period. As medium pH increased through pH 7.6, collagen synthesis, alkaline phosphatase activity, and thymidine incorporation increased. DNA content increased from pH 7.0 to 7.2, plateaued from pH 7.2 to 7.6, and increased again from pH 7.6 to 7.8. The changes in the medium pH were greatest at pHs 7.0 and 7.8, modest at pHs 7.4 and 7.6, and did not change at 7.2, suggesting that the pHs are migrating towards pH 7.2. Lactate production increased at pH 7.0 but remained constant from 7.2 to 7.8. These results suggest that in the pH range from 7.0-7.6 the activity of human osteoblasts increases with increasing pH, that this increase in activity does not require an increase in glycolytic activity, and that pH 7.2 may be the optimal pH for these cells.
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PMID:Extracellular pH modulates the activity of cultured human osteoblasts. 940 16

The degree and rate of inactivation of gamma-glutamyltransferase in raw cow's milk by heating at 50, 60, 70, and 80 degrees C for 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min were measured to evaluate the suitability of this enzyme as a marker for the pasteurization of milk. The enzymes alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were also measured under similar conditions for comparison. The patterns of heat inactivation of gamma-glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase were similar, with only a minimal inactivation of the enzymes at 50 degrees C. The rate of inactivation increased as a result of increasing temperatures and time. A complete inactivation of both enzymes was seen at 70 degrees C after 10 min and at 80 degrees C after 1 min. Lactate dehydrogenase showed a higher heat resistance with almost complete inactivation at 70 degrees C for 30 min, and compete inactivation at 80 degrees C for 3 min. No activities of these enzymes were found in commercially pasteurized or heat-treated milk. The levels of gamma-glutamyltransferase in raw milk were between 8 and 10% higher than those of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase, making it more sensitive and accurate as a testing marker. It seems that gamma-glutamyltransferase may serve as a good pasteurization marker. Furthermore, the simplicity of testing and the availability of commercial kits for testing by both wet and dry chemistry make it an attractive choice, especially because dry chemistry procedures overcome the difficulties originating from the turbidity of milk, which interferes with spectrophotometric procedures.
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PMID:Gamma-glutamyltransferase as a marker for the pasteurization of raw milk. 971 72

Aflatoxin B1 is an important consideration in the aetiology of human and animal hepatocellular carcinoma. The influence of the drug, Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut extract, on hepatocarcinogenicity of aflatoxin B1 was evaluated in adult albino male Wistar rats. Aflatoxin B1 was administered intraperitoneally to induce hepatocellular carcinoma. These cancer bearing animals were treated with Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut extract (200 mg/kg body weight/day) in sunflower oil orally for 14 days. The plasma and the liver tumour tissue were investigated biochemically for lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. The elevation of plasma concentration of these enzymes were indicative of the persistent deteriorating effect of aflatoxin B1 in cancer bearing animals. Lactate dehydrogenase and aminotransferases levels were decreased in liver, whereas alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were increased in cancer conditions. These enzyme levels were reversed to near normal control values in drug treated animals. The analysis of marker enzyme activities clearly indicates the antitumour efficacy of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut extract on aflatoxin B1 induced hepatocellular carcinoma.
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PMID:Anticancer potency of the milk extract of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nuts against aflatoxin B1 mediated hepatocellular carcinoma bearing Wistar rats with reference to tumour marker enzymes. 1035 53

Disuse atrophy has been the subject of research studies of an animal model in which single-limb immobilization induces atrophic changes in the immobilized limb. These reveal systemic changes in the experimental animals that go far beyond the local response expected in that situation and are not fully understood as yet. We therefore performed a biochemical study on the effect of hind-limb immobilization on the serum and tissues of rats. The experiment was carried out on 70 young Sprague-Dawley male rats. In one group of 35 rats, the left hind-limb was immobilized for 3 weeks. Another group of 35 rats served as controls. Serum total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, and calcium were found to be reduced during immobilization. Serum cholesterol levels, on the other hand, increased to a considerable extent. No changes were recorded with phosphate, bilirubin, and magnesium. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were both reduced in activity. The activity of muscle aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was also decreased. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) remained unchanged in both serum and muscle. We discuss our findings in the light of previous knowledge regarding the atrophic process.
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PMID:Biochemical alterations secondary to disuse atrophy in the rat's serum and limb tissues. 1061 30

Comprehensive hematologic and biochemical analyses were conducted on blood from 23 male and 31 female clinically stable captive mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris). Erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume (MCV), potassium, cholesterol, and calcium concentrations were significantly greater in juvenile males than in juvenile females, but no significant differences were determined between parameters of subadult males and subadult females. The mean WBC count and mean heterophil count were significantly higher in adult males than in adult females. Mean uric acid concentration was significantly greater in adult females than in males. Mean erythrocyte count was significantly higher in adults than in juveniles. Adult mean WBC and lymphocyte counts were significantly lower than those of both juveniles and subadults. Subadults had significantly lower mean eosinophil counts than both adults and juveniles. Subadults had significantly lower mean alkaline phosphatase activities than juveniles, whereas the adults had significantly lower aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities than other groups. Lactate dehydrogenase activities were significantly lower for subadults than for juveniles and adults. Cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher for subadults and juveniles compared with adults. Triglyceride concentration was significantly lower for subadults and highest for juveniles. Glucose concentrations were significantly higher for adults. Blood urea nitrogen was significantly lower for subadults than for both adults and juveniles. Uric acid concentrations were significantly higher for juveniles than for the subadults and adults. The subadult animals also had a significantly lower potassium concentration. The results obtained were then compared with known values for other crocodilian species.
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PMID:Hematology and blood biochemistry of captive mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris). 1123 41

Restitution of bronchial artery circulation might alter ischemia- reperfusion injury and improve organ function after lung transplantation. Weight-matched dogs underwent a left lung allotransplantation either with bronchial artery revascularization (BAR; n = 6) or as conventional lung transplantation (LTX; n = 6), to evaluate effects of BAR on lung cell function over a period of 5 h postischemically. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and marker enzymes for pneumocytes type I (carboxypeptidase M [CPM], pneumocytes type II (alkaline phosphatase [AP]), and pulmonary endothelium (angiotensin-converting-enzyme [ACE]) were determined from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Donor lungs were preserved with Euro-Collins solution. Total ischemic time was kept at 6 h. CPM and LDH activities were significantly higher in both groups at 2 h and 4 h of reperfusion compared with control dogs (p < 0.01). AP and ACE activities in lavage after 2 h of reperfusion were significantly elevated in animals that underwent LTX (AP: 60 +/- 28 IU/L; ACE: 1.39 +/- 1.13 IU/L) compared with animals with BAR (AP: 33 +/- 29 IU/L; ACE: 0.35 +/- 0.6 IU/L; p < 0.05) and with control animals (AP: 13.58 +/- 11.0 IU/L; ACE: 0.06 +/- 0.14 IU/L; p < 0.01). According to these results, BAR protects pulmonary endothelium and type II pneumocytes in the early phase after lung transplantation and might have consequences for lung tissue in the long term.
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PMID:Bronchial artery revascularization affects graft recovery after lung transplantation. 1179 Jun 58

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase enzyme activities, and total protein (TP), calcium, inorganic phosphate, urea nitrogen (UN) and creatinine concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were investigated for their relative importance in the diagnosis of respiratory diseases in dogs. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was obtained from 26 dogs (20 with respiratory diseases and six controls) following anaesthesia with sodium pentothal. Enzyme activities and biochemical parameters were measured in BAL fluid. LDH and ALP levels were significantly increased in 12 dogs with bronchopneumonia, but not in eight dogs with tracheobronchitis. Insignificant and variable levels of TP and UN concentrations were found in both groups. It was concluded that LDH and ALP enzyme activities could be considered as pointers to pulmonary inflammation and/or damage while TP and UN measurements in BAL fluid may have a place in the identification of changes in respiratory and vascular permeability.
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PMID:Specific enzyme activities in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as an aid to diagnosis of tracheobronchitis and bronchopneumonia in dogs. 1188 93


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