Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Proliferation of type II cells is important for the recovery of the alveolar epithelium after acute lung injury. However, the factors that regulate the proliferation of human type II cells are unknown. Human alveolar type II cells were isolated from resected lung by dissociation with porcine pancreatic elastase and crystalline trypsin and purified by density-gradient centrifugation and serial differential adherence. The purity of the type II cells in the final adherent preparation was 84.4 +/- 1.1% type II cells by alkaline phosphatase and 87.7 +/- 2.8% by cytokeratin (n = 7). The medium MCDB-151 with 0.4% fetal bovine serum (FBS) was used to demonstrate the stimulatory effect of individual growth factors. Under these conditions, thymidine incorporation was stimulated by insulin, epidermal growth factor, endothelial cell growth supplement (ECGS), and acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors. Cholera toxin did not stimulate thymidine incorporation. The most effective stimulation was by the combination of insulin and ECGS. The incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine was used to identify the proportion of cells that were active in DNA synthesis. Insulin and ECGS increased the percentage of cells that incorporated bromodeoxyuridine from 8.5 +/- 1.3% to 21.3 +/- 2.4% (n = 6). Mitotic figures were seen in smears prepared from cultures incubated with insulin and ECGS. This observation was confirmed by electron microscopy, which demonstrated type II cells in metaphase. Increasing the concentration of FBS or human serum in the culture medium to 10% decreased the stimulatory effect of insulin and ECGS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Human alveolar type II cells: stimulation of DNA synthesis by insulin and endothelial cell growth supplement. 225 83

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) greatly enhances sodium butyrate (NaB)-induced enterocyte differentiation of HT-29 human colonic carcinoma cells while 1,25-(OH)2D3 alone induces growth restriction without associated differentiation. In the present study, the efficacies of various analogs of 1,25-(OH)2D3 to enhance NaB-induced HT-29 differentiation and to prolong the reversal of the differentiated phenotype under NaB-free growth conditions were subsequently examined. Extent of HT-29 differentiation was assessed by measurement of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, appearance of mucin-producing cells, changes in morphological characteristics, and expression of differentiation-associated cytokeratin proteins. Among active analogs of 1,25-(OH)2D3, 26,26,26,27,27,27-hexafluoro-1,25-(OH)2D3 (F6-1,25-(OH)2D3), 24,24-difluoro-24-homo-1,25-(OH)2D3, and 26,27-dimethyl-1,25-(OH)2D3 were 100-, 10-, and 5-fold, respectively, more effective than 1,25-(OH)2D3 in enhancing NaB-induced mucin production. Combined use of NaB and F6-1,25-(OH)2D3 (10(-9) M) also induced HT-29 cells to form highly differentiated goblet-like enterocytes, and increased both cellular AP enzymatic activity and tissue-type cytokeratin content. This differentiated state was qualitatively more advanced than that achieved by a combination of NaB and 10(-7) M 1,25-(OH)2D3. NaB-mediated HT-29 differentiation (in short-term inductions) was found to be reversible following a return to NaB-free medium. HT-29 cells differentiated by combined use of NaB and 1,25-(OH)2D3 or its analogs exhibited a significant prolonged reversal time relative to cells differentiated with NaB alone. The most prominent effect was achieved using cells differentiated with NaB and 10(-9) M F6-1,25-(OH)2D3 which exhibited a 7-fold prolonged reversal time over colonocytes differentiated by NaB alone. Our data suggest that a combined use of NaB and 1,25-(OH)2D3 or its derivatives may provide a convenient in vitro model system to probe molecular events associated with steroid-target tissue interactions in a differentiating cell system as commonly occurs in vivo. Such an analysis might lend itself to design of a rational combination differentiation-based therapy for the clinical management of colon cancer.
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PMID:Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs on butyrate-induced differentiation of HT-29 human colonic carcinoma cells and on the reversal of the differentiated phenotype. 230 5

A continuous in vitro cell line of rat choriocarcinoma has been established. It is composed of pure trophoblast cells which multiply and differentiate. The morphology of the cells is very similar to normal rat cytotrophoblasts and giant cells. The cultured cells contain cytokeratin, alkaline phosphatase and express the receptors for Bandeira simplificifolia Agglutinin-I (BSA-I). They are hormonally active as demonstrated by the presence of lactogen and progesterone in the supernatant of the culture. The injected cells develop into choriocarcinoma in syngeneic as well as allogeneic rats. The morphological, biological and immunohistochemical features of these tumors are identical to those described in the transplantable neoplasm from which the in vitro line was established. The presence of Y chromosome in cultured cells proves the paternal origin of the primary tumor developed from extra-embryonic membranes in fetectomized rat and makes this neoplasm similar to human post-gestation choriocarcinoma.
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PMID:Establishment and characterization of a continuous in vitro line from a rat choriocarcinoma. 232 51

The present study describes 11 cases (10 carcinomas, one rhabdomyosarcoma) in which immuno-alkaline phosphatase labelling with monoclonal antibodies was used to demonstrate metastatic cells in routine smears of aspirated bone marrow. Carcinoma cells were detected using antibodies against epithelial cytokeratins, milk fat globule membrane antigen and carcinoembryonic antigen, and rhabdomyosarcoma cells with monoclonal anti-desmin. In four of the carcinoma cases it had not been possible to identify malignant cells in routinely stained marrow smears, whilst the case of disseminated rhabdomyosarcoma had initially been diagnosed (and treated) as a case of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The anti-cytokeratin antibody was found to be the most valuable of the anti-epithelial reagents used, since it labelled malignant cells in all of the 10 cases of carcinoma and gave the strongest reactions. These results suggest that immunocytochemical labelling should be used in cases of suspected carcinoma whenever conventional examination of marrow smears yields negative results, and furthermore (as illustrated by the case of rhabdomyosarcoma) that the technique is of value for identifying the true nature of poorly differentiated neoplasms in bone marrow.
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PMID:Detection of metastatic tumour cells in routine bone marrow smears by immuno-alkaline phosphatase labelling with monoclonal antibodies. 241 78

Human polycystic kidney disease (PKD) epithelia were successfully grown in culture and expressed abnormal characteristics. Cysts lining epithelia of superficial and deep cysts were microdissected and compared to individual normal human proximal straight tubules (PST) and cortical collecting tubules (CCT) grown in defined media. PKD cyst epithelia differed from normal renal tubular epithelia in growth patterns and structural and functional properties. PKD epithelia grew more rapidly and showed cyst-like areas in otherwise confluent monolayers. Polygonal and elongate cells contained an epithelial-specific cytokeratin antigen and had polarized morphology. An extremely abnormal basement membrane morphology was seen and consisted of some banded collagen and numerous unique blebs or spheroids. These blebs were apparently extruded from intracellular vacuoles and stained with ruthenium red, suggesting a proteoglycan component. Cytochemistry of marker enzymes demonstrated the presence of NaK-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase, but a lack of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. The response of adenylate cyclase activity to vasopressin, parathyroid hormone, and forskolin was significantly diminished in PKD cells as compared to PST and CCT. These studies suggest a defect in cell growth and basement membrane synthesis in human PKD. Cultured PKD epithelia provide a new tool for the study of the pathogenesis of this disease.
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PMID:A new method for studying human polycystic kidney disease epithelia in culture. 243 Nov 89

Human oesophageal submucosal glands may be regularly demonstrated by first exposing the oesophageal lumen to toluidine blue which reveals the duct ostia. Four types of cell were identified in the glands - mucous, subsidiary or serous, myoepithelial and oncocytes. The mucous cell contained neutral, sialated and sulphated mucins. The subsidiary cells held smaller amounts of neutral and sialated mucin, plus fucosyl residues. No lipids were detectable histochemically. ATP-ase and alkaline phosphatase were shown in the capillary endothelium. The duct epithelium showed some nonspecific esterase activity not sensitive to E 600. By immunoperoxidase techniques, the duct epithelium was shown to be rich in cytokeratin. The subsidiary cells contained lysozyme, CEA and pepsinogen. B lymphocytes composed most of the periductular lymphoid aggregates, although some T cells were found there and also intraepithelial and subepithelial in relation to the stratified squamous epithelium lining the oesophagus. Langerhans' cells were also demonstrated as intraepithelial by several techniques.
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PMID:Human oesophageal submucosal glands. Their detection mucin, enzyme and secretory protein content. 243 35

Chronic administration of the estrogen 17 beta-estradiol induces kidney tumors in male Syrian hamsters within 6 months of initial exposure. Although these tumors have previously been studied histologically and histochemically and have been postulated to be derived from proximal tubular and/or interstitial cells, there exists no unambiguous evidence for an epithelial or mesenchymal origin. To elucidate the histogenesis of these neoplasms, kidney sections of hamsters treated with estradiol for 4, 5, and 6 months and age-matched untreated controls were investigated histologically and histochemically. Proliferating foci were observed in kidneys exposed to estradiol for 5 and 6 months. They consisted of clusters of spindle-shaped cells forming solid blocks, cords, or branches located between tubules. These foci were judged to be precursors of larger tumors identified in the latter treatment group. The histological and histochemical profile of foci and tumors matched closely. These lesions were marked by very high activities of alkaline phosphatase, adenyl cyclase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. In contrast, glycogen content and activities of glucose 6-phosphatase, succinate dehydrogenase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were low or absent. Immunofluorescence of the intermediate filaments revealed that foci and tumors solely expressed vimentin and desmin but not cytokeratin. The morphology, enzyme histochemical pattern, and immunofluorescence strongly support a mesenchymal origin of the estradiol-induced hamster kidney tumors studied. The neoplasms were probably derived from vascular smooth muscle cells of a cell subtype particularly sensitive to hormonal stimulation and transformation.
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PMID:Histochemical analysis of the development of estradiol-induced kidney tumors in male Syrian hamsters. 244 29

The immunoprofiles of 121 germ cell and trophoblastic neoplasms were defined, using a battery of antibodies against cytokeratin (CK), vimentin (VIM), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), S-100 protein, leukocyte common antigen (LCA), UCHL-1, LN-2, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin A, Leu-7, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), and the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (BHCG). In addition to 85 neoplasms of testicular origin, the cases included eight ovarian germ cell tumors and 28 extragonadal neoplasms. All tissues had been subjected to formalin fixation and paraffin embedding. Similar immunoreactivity patterns were seen in gonadal and extragonadal neoplasms, gestational and nongestational choriocarcinomas, components of mixed germ cell tumors and their pure counterparts, and metastatic and primary lesions. Placental alkaline phosphatase was a sensitive marker of germ cell differentiation, and expression of this marker in the absence of EMA appeared to be a staining pattern unique to germ cell tumors. Both LCA and S100 were absent in neoplastic germ cells, and thus were useful in differentiating these tumors from malignant lymphoma and malignant melanoma, respectively. Cytokeratin was helpful in distinguishing seminomas/dysgerminomas from nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, although 10% of seminomas showed focal or diffuse cytokeratin reactivity. Finally, 75% of all germ cell neoplasms displayed NSE, calling the specificity of this determinant into question.
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PMID:Immunohistochemistry of germ cell and trophoblastic neoplasms. 245 24

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy is characterized by cellular proliferations in the periretinal space resulting in traction retinal detachment. Numerous cellular elements and connective tissue components have been identified by morphologic criteria as well as immunochemical techniques. In this study, we used the recently introduced APAAP (alkaline phosphatase - anti-alkaline phosphatase) immunostaining procedure to identify macrophages, T-lymphocytes, the structural proteins fibronectin, vimentin, and cytokeratin, and a proliferating cell antigen, in eleven human epiretinal membranes obtained during vitreoretinal surgery. Our results confirm that the pathologic processes in PVR are not immunologically mediated, but reveal the features of physiologic wound healing and scar formation. Posttraumatic PVR seems to be characterized by a severe initial inflammatory reaction as evidenced by the presence of numerous macrophages, whereas idiopathic PVR, as a complication of retinal detachment, may be caused by different mechanisms in the early pathogenesis.
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PMID:Immunochemical studies of epiretinal membranes using APAAP complexes: evidence for macrophage involvement in traumatic proliferative vitreoretinopathy. 245 25

Sclerosing hemangioma of the lung (SHL) was investigated immunohistochemically, histochemically and ultrastructurally with reference to cellular components associated with the histologic pattern: cuboidal cells in the papillary type, round cells in the solid type, flat cells in the hemorrhagic type and stromal cells in the sclerotic type. Immunohistochemically, cuboidal cells were positive for CEA, cytokeratin and EMA, whereas other cells were positive for EMA and vimentin. Immunoreactive factor-VIII-related antigen was confined to endothelial cells. Histochemically, cuboidal cells displayed alkaline phosphatase activity, but round cells showed ATPase activity. However, in spite of these different histochemical and immunohistochemical properties, morphological continuity was clearly revealed in immunostained sections; direct connection of spaces lined by cuboidal and flat cells, direct contact between cuboidal and stromal cells, and EMA expression of round cells associated with luminal structures were evident. Ultrastructurally, cuboidal cells were like alveolar cells. Flat and stromal cells showed microvillous protrusions and a discontinuous basement membrane, but some cells contained lamellar bodies. Solid cellular sheets consisted of various cells intermediate between cuboidal and flat or stromal cells. Direct apposition among these cells was evident. This morphological continuum confirms that each of these cell types are components of SHL as a whole. SHL may thus be merely sclerotic hemorrhagic alveolar cell tumor.
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PMID:So-called sclerosing hemangioma of the lung. An immunohistochemical, histochemical and ultrastructural study. 246 30


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