Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A disease similar to ulcerative colitis in humans has been identified in cotton-top tamarins (CTTs) in captivity. The clinical signs include weight loss, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding with the pathological features and biochemical abnormalities of ulcerative colitis. Approximately 25 to 40% of these animals develop colon cancer after 2 to 5 years of captivity. An infectious etiology has been proposed; however, no microbial agent to date has been identified. Helicobacter spp. have been associated with enterocolitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans and animals. Infection with Helicobacter pylori or Helicobacter mustelae is associated with an increased risk of gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Helicobacter hepaticus causes hepatitis, hepatic adenomas, and hepatocellular carcinomas in susceptible strains of mice. The aim of this study was to assess a colony of CTTs with a high incidence of IBD and colon cancer for the presence of colonic Helicobacter spp. A fusiform, gram-negative bacterium with bipolar flagella and periplasmic fibers was isolated from the feces of CTTs. The bacterium grew under microaerobic conditions at 37 and 42 degrees C but not at 25 degrees C, did not hydrolyze urea, was positive for catalase and oxidase, did not reduce nitrate to nitrite, did not hydrolyze indoxyl acetate or alkaline phosphatase, and was resistant to nalidixic acid, cephalothin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the organism was classified as a novel Helicobacter species. This is the first Helicobacter isolated from CTTs. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of this novel Helicobacter sp. in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and colonic adenocarcinoma in CTTs.
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PMID:Novel intestinal Helicobacter species isolated from cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) with chronic colitis. 985 80

The intrarectal administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in rats induces ulcerative colitis, which results in histological alterations of colonic mucosa, severe modification of the cellular antioxidant defense system, and enhanced production of inflammatory eicosanoids. This study evaluated the influence of different dietary fatty acids, i.e., monounsaturated, n-3, and n-3 + n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, on the recovery of the colonic mucosa histological pattern, the cellular antioxidant defense system of colon, and PGE2 and LTB4 colonic mucosa contents in a model of ulcerative colitis induced by intrarectal administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Administration of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids led to a minimum stenosis score, a higher histological recovery, lower colon alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activities, and lower mucosal levels of PGE2 and LTB4 compared with the other two experimental groups. However, glutathione transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities were lower in the group treated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids than in the groups fed with either the monounsaturated or the n-6 + n-3 polyunsaturated enriched diet. We conclude that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can be administered to prevent inflammation in ulcerative colitis, but they cause a decrease in the colonic antioxidant defense system, promoting oxidative injury at the site of inflammation.
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PMID:Dietary monounsaturated n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids affect cellular antioxidant defense system in rats with experimental ulcerative colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. 988

Strain 130ZT was isolated from the bovine rumen. It is a facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic, Gram-negative rod. It exhibits a 'Morse code' form of morphology, which is characteristic of the genus Actinobacillus. Strain 130ZT is a capnophilic, osmotolerant succinogen that utilizes a broad range of sugars. It accumulates high concentrations of succinic acid (> 70 g l-1). Strain 130ZT is positive for catalase, oxidase, alkaline phosphatase and beta-galactosidase, but does not produce indole or urease. Acid but no gas is produced from D-glucose and D-fructose. 16S rRNA sequence analysis places strain 130ZT within the family Pasteurellaceae; the most closely related members of the family Pasteurellaceae have 16S rRNA similarities of 95.5% or less with strain 130ZT. Strain 130ZT was compared with Actinobacillus lignieresii and the related Bisgaard Taxa 6 and 10. Based upon morphological and biochemical properties, strain 130ZT is most similar to members of the genus Actinobacillus within the family Pasteurellaceae. It is proposed that strain 130ZT be classified as a new species, Actinobacillus succinogenes. The type strain of Actinobacillus succinogenes sp. nov. is ATCC 55618T.
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PMID:Actinobacillus succinogenes sp. nov., a novel succinic-acid-producing strain from the bovine rumen. 1002 65

Spiral organisms were isolated from an antral gastric mucosal biopsy specimen from a dyspeptic patient with gastritis. Only corkscrew-shaped organisms resembling "Gastrospirillum hominis" ("Helicobacter heilmannii") but no Helicobacter pylori-like organisms were seen in histological sections. H. pylori was not cultured from specimens from this patient. On the basis of biochemical reactions, morphology, ultrastructure, and 16S DNA sequencing, the isolated "G. hominis" was shown to be a true Helicobacter sp. very similar to Helicobacter felis and the "Gastrospirillum" but was separate from H. pylori. "G. hominis" is a pleomorphic gram-negative cork-screw-shaped, motile rod with 3 to 8 coils and a wavelength of about 1 micrometer. In contrast to H. pylori, it has up to 14 sheathed flagellar uni- or bipolar fibrils but no periplasmic fibrils. "G. hominis" grows under microaerobic conditions at 36 and 41 degrees C on 7% lysed, defibrinated horse blood agar plates within 3 to 7 days and can be subcultured under microaerobic but not under anaerobic conditions on media similar to those used for H. pylori and H. felis. The small translucent colonies were, in contrast to those of H. felis, indistinguishable from those of H. pylori. "G. hominis" is, like H. pylori and H. felis, motile, is oxidase, catalase, nitrite, nitrate, and urease positive, and produces alkaline phosphatase and arginine arylamidase. Like H. pylori and H. felis, it is sensitive to cephalothin (30-microgram disc), resistant to nalidixic acid (30-microgram disc), and sensitive to most other antibiotics. The 16S DNA sequence clusters "G. hominis" together with "Gastrospirillum," H. felis, Helicobacter bizzozeronii, Helicobacter salmonii, Helicobacter nemestrinae, Helicobacter acinonychis, and H. pylori.
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PMID:Characterization of a culturable "Gastrospirillum hominis" (Helicobacter heilmannii) strain isolated from human gastric mucosa. 1007 28

Gaseous CO2 was used as an antisolvent to induce the fractional precipitation of alkaline phosphatase, insulin, lysozyme, ribonuclease, trypsin, and their mixtures from dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Compressed CO2 was added continuously and isothermally to stationary DMSO solutions (gaseous antisolvent, GAS). Dissolution of CO2 was accompanied by a pronounced, pressure-dependent volumetric expansion of DMSO and a consequent reduction in solvent strength of DMSO towards dissolved proteins. View cell experiments were conducted to determine the pressures at which various proteins precipitate from DMSO. The solubility of each protein in CO2-expanded DMSO was different, illustrating the potential to separate and purify proteins using gaseous antisolvents. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE) was used to quantify the separation of lysozyme from ribonuclease, alkaline phosphatase from insulin, and trypsin from catalase. Lysozyme biological activity assays were also performed to determine the composition of precipitates from DMSO initially containing lysozyme and ribonuclease. SDS-PAGE characterizations suggest that the composition and purity of solid-phase precipitated from a solution containing multiple proteins may be accurately controlled through the antisolvent's pressure. Insulin, lysozyme, ribonuclease, and trypsin precipitates recovered substantial amounts of biological activity upon redissolution in aqueous media. Alkaline phosphatase, however, was irreversibly denaturated. Vapor-phase antisolvents, which are easily separated and recovered from proteins and liquid solvents upon depressurization, appear to be a reliable and effective means of selectively precipitating proteins.
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PMID:Protein purification with vapor-phase carbon dioxide. 1009 36

In accordance with Recommendation 30b of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, minimal standards are proposed for the genus Staphylococcus and the description of newly recognized species in this genus. Assignment of a strain to the genus Staphylococcus requires that it is a Gram-positive coccus that forms clusters, produces catalase, has an appropriate cell wall structure (including peptidoglycan type and teichoic acid presence) and G + C content of DNA in a range of 30-40 mol%. The recommended minimal standards for describing a new Staphylococcus species are based on the results of phenotypic and genomic studies of at least five independently isolated strains. They include colony morphology and the results of the following conventional tests: pigment production, growth requirements, fermentative and oxidative activity on carbohydrates, novobiocin susceptibility, enzymic activities (nitrate reductase, alkaline phosphatase, arginine dihydrolase, ornithine decarboxylase, urease, cytochrome oxidase, staphylocoagulase in rabbit plasma, heat-stable nuclease, amidases, oxidases, clumping factor, and haemolytic activity on sheep or bovine blood agar). DNA-DNA hybridization experiments may distinguish species when the difference between the binding in the homologous reaction and the binding in the heterologous reaction expressed as a percentage is less than 70%. In addition, rRNA signature sequence criteria, ribotyping characterization of the nomenclature type strain and other strains of the species, and reference strains of other species is recommended to describe the strains of the new species with sets of genetic attributes and reveal possible grouping errors. This proposal has been endorsed by the members of the Subcommittee on the taxonomy of staphylococci and streptococci of the international Committee on Systematic Bacteriology.
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PMID:Recommended minimal standards for description of new staphylococcal species. Subcommittee on the taxonomy of staphylococci and streptococci of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology. 1031 69

The inferior colliculus (IC) is a major relay and processing center of auditory signals in the midbrain and receives inputs from most other auditory nuclei. A number of studies have indicated age-related declines in the GABAergic and excitatory amino acid systems in the IC, including losses in both GABA immunoreactive (+) and GABA immunonegative (-) synapses. The goal of this project was to identify potential biochemical and morphological changes in the IC that may contribute to deficits in the functions of these neurotransmitters, using three age groups of Fischer-344 rats. Homogenates obtained from the IC showed age-dependent reductions in activities of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), with a concomitant increase in lipid peroxidation. Dephosphorylation of IC homogenates with alkaline phosphatase reduced the activities of SOD and CAT in all age groups, which could be restored by protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent phosphorylation. Restoration of enzyme activity was specific to the PKC-alpha isozyme, but not to the beta1, beta2, delta or gamma forms. No age-dependent change in the levels of PKC isoforms (alpha, beta1, beta2 and gamma) was detectable in IC homogenates. Morphological analyses indicate decreases in mitochondrial density in the somata of both GABA+ and GABA- IC neurons in 19- and 28-month-old rats when compared to 3-month-olds, along with significantly higher matricial abnormalities. These data indicate age-related increases in oxidative stress in the IC, which could be partially restored by PKC. The progressive increase in oxidative stress with age may underlie changes in neuronal morphology and function of the IC.
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PMID:Age-related reductions in the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the rat inferior colliculus. 1049 65

Two populations (S-1 and S-2) of the psocid, Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel were exposed to carbon dioxide enriched atmospheres. Carbon dioxide resistance developed at steady rates in these two populations during this study period. Selection with 35 and 55% CO(2) resulted in resistance development as expressed by LT(50). Resistance increased steadily under continuous selection to 4.6- and 5.3-fold by generation F(30) for S-1 and S-2, respectively. Throughout the selection process, the slopes of regression lines were always lower than that of the control. The results of biochemical assays showed that the activities of carboxyl esterase (CarE) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in vitro increased in the selection process. Exposure to higher CO(2) content (HCC) resulted in a gradual decrease in CarE activity in both selected and control populations. Although the induction effect of CO(2) on SOD was brief, the induction times for the S-1 and S-2 were greater than those of the control. The elevated catalase (CAT) activity in association with resistance development was also evident, but no statistical correlation was found between CAT activity and HCC resistance. No significant differences were found in acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities in both selected and control populations during this study. This study demonstrated that high CarE and SOD activities were positively correlated to CO(2) resistance.
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PMID:Resistance and some enzyme activities in Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) in relation to carbon dioxide enriched atmospheres. 1075 68

A spiral-shaped bacterium with bipolar, single, nonsheathed flagella was isolated from the feces of Syrian hamsters. The bacterium grew as a thin spreading film at 37 degrees C under microaerobic conditions, did not hydrolyze urea, was positive for catalase and alkaline phosphatase, reduced nitrate to nitrite, did not hydrolyze hippurate, and was sensitive to nalidixic acid but resistant to cephalothin. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and biochemical and phenotypic criteria indicate that the novel bacterium is a helicobacter. The novel bacterium is most closely related to the recently described mouse enteric helicobacter, Helicobacter rodentium. This is the first urease-negative Helicobacter species with nonsheathed flagella isolated from feces of asymptomatic Syrian hamsters. We propose to name this novel helicobacter Helicobacter mesocricetorum. The type strain is MU 97-1514 (GenBank accession number AF072471).
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PMID:Helicobacter mesocricetorum sp. nov., A novel Helicobacter isolated from the feces of Syrian hamsters. 1079 Jan 5

The activities of two enzymes, beef liver catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) and calf intestine alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), have been measured down to -97 degrees C and -100 degrees C, respectively. Enzyme activity has not previously been measured at such low temperatures. For catalase, the cryosolvents used were methanol:ethylene glycol:water (70:10:20) and DMSO:ethylene glycol:water (60:20:20). For alkaline phosphatase, methanol:ethylene glycol:water (70:10:20) was used. All of the Arrhenius plots were linear over the whole of the temperature range examined. Since the lowest temperatures at which activity was measured are well below the dynamic transition observed for proteins, the results indicate that the motions which cease below the dynamic transition are not essential for enzyme activity. In all cases the use of cryosolvent led to substantial increases in Arrhenius activation energies, and this imposed practical limitations on the measurement of enzyme activity below -100 degrees C. At even lower temperatures, enzyme activity may be limited by the effect of solvent fluidity on substrate/product diffusion, but overall there is no evidence that any intrinsic enzyme property imposes a lower temperature limit for enzyme activity.
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PMID:Enzyme activity down to -100 degrees C. 1089 28


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