Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To verify the expression of type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) and its impact on hematopoietic cells apoptosis in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemias (AML), marrow samples from 16 patients with MDS and 16 patients with AML were examined along with 16 healthy donors as controls. Immunocytochemical methods (alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (fluorescence) were used simultaneously on nucleated cell cytospins. The ratio of IGF-IR positive cells and apoptotic cells as well as the relationship between them were then analyzed separately. A quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was administrated for six MDS cases and two normal controls to validate IGF-IR expression detected by immunochemistry. In our assay, IGF-IR appeared to have higher to lower expression rate in turn from AML (86.8+/-13.8%) to MDS (56.8+/-14.3%) and then to normal controls (40.4+/-9.6%) (P<0.01 between each group). In MDS nucleated cells, IGF-IR showed stronger expression in refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB)/RAEB in transformation/chronic myelomonocytic leukemia subgroup when compared to RA/RA with ringed sideroblasts cases (64.1+/-3.2 vs 53.5+/-16.2%) (P>0.05). Nucleated cells from MDS marrow underwent more apoptosis (5.4+/-3.0%) than that in normal marrow (1.2+/-0.9%) (P<0.01) and AML marrow (0.3+/-0.4%) (also, P<0.01 between each compared group). For both AML and MDS cases, apoptotic signals presented mainly in individual IGF-IR negative cells (9.0+/-4.8%) and less so in IGF-IR positive cells (1.4+/-2.4%) (P<0.01). When analyzed by groups, cell number with IGF-IR expression showed a negative correlation to apoptotic cells amount (r=-0.852; P<0.01) but positive correlation to their blast count (r=0.677; P<0.01). Outcome from real-time quantitative PCR appeared to have a trend of enhanced IGF-IR expression in advanced MDS subtypes. In conclusion, overexpression of IGF-IR existed in hematopoietic cells in MDS and AML marrows, which appeared to be contributed to disease progress.
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PMID:Expression of type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor in marrow nucleated cells in malignant hematological disorders: correlation with apoptosis. 1632 78

The similar dimensions of biomolecules such as enzymes, antibodies or DNA, and metallic or semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) enable the synthesis of biomolecule-NP hybrid systems where the unique electronic, photonic and catalytic properties of NPs are combined with the specific recognition and biocatalytic properties of biomolecules. The unique functions of biomolecule-NP hybrid systems are discussed with several examples: (i) the electrical contacting of redox enzymes with electrodes is the basis for the development of enzymatic electrodes for amperometric biosensors or biofuel cell elements. The reconstitution of the apo-glucose oxidase or apo-glucose dehydrogenase on flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-functionalized Au NPs (1.4 nm) associated with electrodes, or on pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-functionalized Au NPs (1.4 nm) associated with electrodes, respectively, yields electrically contacted enzyme electrodes. The aligned, reconstituted enzymes on the electrode surfaces reveal effective electrical contacting, and the glucose oxidase and glucose dehydrogenase reveal turnover rates of 5000 and 11,800 s(-1), respectively. (ii) The photoexcitation of semiconductor nanoparticles yields fluorescence with a wavelength controlled by the size of the NPs. The fluorescence functions of semiconductor NPs are used to develop a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay for nucleic acids, and specifically, for analyzing telomerase activity in cancer cells. CdSe-ZnS NPs are functionalized by a primer recognized by telomerase, and this is elongated by telomerase extracted from HeLa cancer cells in the presence of dNTPs and Texas-red-functionalized dUTP. The dye integrated into the telomers allows the FRET process that is intensified as telomerization proceeds. Also, the photoexcited electron-hole pair generated in semiconductor NPs is used to generate photocurrents in a CdS-DNA hybrid system associated with an electrode. A redox-active intercalator, methylene blue, was incorporated into a CdS-duplex DNA monolayer associated with a Au electrode, and this facilitated the electron transfer between the electrode and the CdS NPs. The direction of the photocurrent was controlled by the oxidation state of the intercalator. (iii) Biocatalysts grow metallic NPs, and the absorbance of the NPs provides a means to assay the biocatalytic transformations. This is exemplified with the glucose oxidase-induced growth of Au NPs and with the tyrosinase-stimulated growth of Au NPs, in the presence of glucose or tyrosine, respectively. The biocatalytic growth of the metallic NPs is used to grow nanowires on surfaces. Glucose oxidase or alkaline phosphatase functionalized with Au NPs (1.4 nm) acted as 'biocatalytic inks' for the synthesis of metallic nanowires. The deposition of the Au NP-modified glucose oxidase, or the Au NP-modified alkaline phosphatase on Si surfaces by dip-pen nanolithography led to biocatalytic templates, that after interaction with glucose/AuCl4- or p-aminophenolphosphate/Ag+, allowed the synthesis of Au nanowires or Ag nanowires, respectively.
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PMID:Integrated nanoparticle-biomolecule systems for biosensing and bioelectronics. 1707 Oct 70

In the present work, a convenient microarray SNP typing system has been developed using a plastic base that covalently immobilizes amino-modified oligonucleotides. Reliable SNP allele discrimination was achieved by using allelic specificity-enhanced enzymatic extension of immobilized oligonucleotide primer, with a locked nucleic acid (LNA) modification at the SNP-discriminating 3'-end nucleotide. Incorporation of multiple biotin-dUTP molecules during primer extension, followed by binding of alkaline phosphatase-conjugated streptavidin, allowed optical detection of the genotyping results through precipitation of colored alkaline phosphatase substrates onto the surface of the plastic base. Notably, rapid primer extension was demonstrated without a preliminary annealing step of double-stranded template DNA, allowing overall processes to be performed within a couple of hours. Simultaneous evaluation of three SNPs in the genes TGFB1, SOD2 and APEX1, previously investigated for association with radiation sensitivity, in 25 individuals has shown perfect assignment with data obtained by another established technique (MassARRAY system).
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PMID:Reliable and fast allele-specific extension of 3'-LNA modified oligonucleotides covalently immobilized on a plastic base, combined with biotin-dUTP mediated optical detection. 1715 12

Primer extension reaction (PEXT) is the most widely used approach to genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). It is based on the high accuracy of nucleotide incorporation by the DNA polymerase. We propose a dual-analyte bio/chemiluminometric method for the simultaneous detection of the PEXT reaction products of the normal and mutant allele in a high sample-throughput format. PCR-amplified DNA fragments that span the SNP of interest are subjected to two PEXT reactions using normal and mutant primers in the presence of digoxigenin-dUTP and biotin-dUTP. Both primers contain a d(A)30 segment at the 5'-end but differ in the final nucleotide at the 3'-end. Under optimized conditions only the primer that is perfectly complementary with the interrogated DNA will be extended by DNA polymerase and lead to a digoxigenin- or biotin-labeled product. The products of the PEXT reactions are mixed, denatured, and captured in microtiter wells through hybridization with immobilized oligo(dT) strands. Detection is performed by adding a mixture of antidigoxigenin-alkaline phosphatase (ALP) conjugate and a streptavidin-aequorin conjugate. The flash-type bioluminescent reaction of aequorin is triggered by the addition of Ca2+. ALP is then measured by adding the appropriate chemiluminogenic substrate. The method was evaluated by genotyping two SNPs of the human mannose-binding lectin gene (MBL2) and one SNP of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP2D6. Patient genotypes showed 100% concordance with direct DNA sequencing data.
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PMID:Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms by primer extension reaction and a dual-analyte bio/chemiluminometric assay. 1755 27

A series of experiments was carried out to determine the most efficient methods for detecting incorporated nucleotides in the "in situ" restriction enzyme - nick translation technique. Different methods were tested on fixed human metaphase chromosomes using confocal microscopy for the demonstration of the patterns produced. Of the various techniques tested, that using DIG-dUTP in conjunction with FITC-labelled anti-DIG appears to show the greatest sensitivity and specificity. The use of biotinylated nucleotides with FITC-avidin gives rather less sensitivity, while direct labelling with fluorescein-dUTP produces results more rapidly with better chromosome morphology but at the cost of reduced sensitivity. Resorufin-labelled dUTP was unusable, because of the low level of fluorescence and its very rapid fading. The successful fluorescence methods are more sensitive and faster than using horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase for detection.
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PMID:Comparison of methods for the detection of in situ restriction enzyme - nick translation using fluorochromes and confocal microscopy. 1847 Feb 26

mRNA quantification is very important in molecular biological researches. Traditional spectrophotometric method cannot distinguish DNA, rRNA and tRNA species from mRNA. Northern blot can be used for mRNA quantification but is known to be time consuming. To rapidly detect mRNA levels, we developed an optical thin-film biosensor chip based method, to quantify mRNA in samples. After total RNA was extracted, the mRNA with poly(A) tails was reverse transcribed with oligo(dT)(20) primers and dNTPs mixed with digoxigenin(DIG)-11-dUTP. The transcribed first strand cDNA was hybridized with oligo(dA)(20) nucleotide probes spotted on optical thin-film biosensor chips. Excess first strand cDNA, single-strand RNA, and mis-matched DNA/DNA hybrids were removed by washing. The perfect-matched DNA/DNA hybrid was detected with anti-DIG-AP (alkaline phosphatase) conjugate and then incubated with NBT/BCIP substrate for color development. The range of the color is from purplish red to blue, according to the cDNA mass deposited on chip surface. Detection of mRNA levels from Arabidopsis samples proved that this method is feasible for mRNA quantification, and has great potential for application in mRNA quantification in various organisms.
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PMID:Feasible and reliable quantification of mRNA in Arabidopsis thaliana using optical thin-film biosensor chips. 2051 35

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a powerful and important technique that allows the detection and microscopic localization of nucleic acids within the specific cell, tissue, or chromosome of interest. In addition, it offers increased sensitivity over traditional filter hybridization, since low-copy mRNA molecules in individual cells can be detected. At the time the ISH technique was developed by Pardue and Gall (1), there were restrictions in it since radioisotopes were the only labels for nucleic acids available and autoradiographic film was the only detection system. Current molecular biological cloning techniques have now enabled most researchers to prepare almost any specific probe of choice and, more importantly, modern nonradioactive labels with colorimetric detection have removed all the limitations and restrictions of radioactive labels. The principal advantages of nonradioactive hybridization compared with isotopic hybridization are increased speed, greater resolution, lower costs, and reduced radioactive exposure. Furthermore, it allows the opportunity for combining different labels in one ISH experiment. The procedures behind ISH localization of DNA or RNA are very similar and may be summarized in five areas: (1) sample and glass slide preparation, including fixation, mounting, and ISH pretreatment, (2) probe preparation/labeling, (3) hybridization, (4) probe removal/washing, and (5) detection. Nonradioactive probe labeling itself can be divided into two methods, i.e., direct and indirect. This chapter describes the preparation of atherosclerotic tissue for ISH, indirect labeling of probes with digoxigenin (DIG), and the detection protocols suitable for this type of tissue. The DIG labeling method was developed by Kessler (2) and is based on the steroid digoxigenin, which is isolated from Digitalis purpurea and D. lanata. The DIG molecule is linked to the C-5 position of uridine (UTP, dUTP, or ddUTP) via a spacer arm. The DIG-labeled nucleotides can be incorporated easily into nucleic acid probes by DNA polymerases such as DNA polymerase I,Taq DNA polymerase, T7 DNA polymerase, RNA polymerases, and terminal transferase. These various enzymes therefore allow DIG labeling by random priming, nick translation, PCR, 3'-end labeling/tailing, and in vitro transcription. Following hybridization, DIG-probes may be detected with high-affinity specific anti-DIG antibodies (3). These antibodies are conjugated with alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, fluoroscein, rhodamine, AMCA (amino-methylcoumarin-acetic acid), or colloidal gold (for electron microscopy) enabling a very versatile detection system. This system can be made even more versatile and sensitive by using unconjugated anti-DIG followed by conjugated secondary antibodies. A detection sensitivity of about 0.1 pg (as determined by Southern blot) can be achieved with combinations of anti-DIG-alkaline phospatase and NBT or BCIP. In this chapter, I describe a protocol that we developed for nonradioactive in situ hybridization of atherosclerotic tissue for the detection of interleukin 8, tissue factor, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor in both frozen and paraffin-embedded tissue (4-7).
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PMID:1Nonradioactive In Situ Hybridization in Atherosclerotic Tissue. 2134 Sep 43

The procedure described below was originally reported to detect the hepatitis C virus RNA (genomic strand) by nonradioisotopic in situ hybridization in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver tissue of two acutely infected chimpanzees, in a collaborative study conducted with R. H. Purcell, at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD (1). Briefly, a synthetic DNA 50-mer was end-labeled with a digoxygenin-conjugated dUTP (2) and hybridized to liver sections. After washing, hybrides were detected by a specific antidigoxigenin antibody and the antigen-antibody reaction revealed by alkaline phosphatase-based enzymatic reaction, through a signal amplification procedure (3). Although the probe represented only 0.5% of the target sequences, the procedure was sensitive enough to detect the low amounts of genomic HCV RNA present in the acutely infected livers, probably owing to both the multistep amplification of the enzymatic reaction and to the prehybridization treatment of the tissue sections, intended to facilitate the diffusion of both the probe and the revealing system molecules.
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PMID:In situ hybridization and the detection and localization of HCV RNA. 2137 67

Antitubercular drugs have been known to be potentially hepatotoxic and may lead to drug-induced liver injury. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on liver injury caused by co-administration with isoniazid and rifampicin, two famous antitubercular drugs. Liver injury was induced by co-treatment with isoniazid (75mg/kg) and rifampicin (150mg/kg) for one week. Mice were orally administered with UDCA (15, 50 and 150mg/kg) 30min before isoniazid and rifampicin. We show that serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly increased in mice treated with isoniazid plus rifampicin. An obvious fatty accumulation, accompanied by mild necrosis and inflammation, was observed in liver of mice treated with rifampicin plus isoniazid. In addition, isoniazid plus rifampicin resulted in hepatic apoptosis, as determined by terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining and caspase-3 activation. Additional experiment showed that isoniazid plus rifampicin significantly increased the level of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and caused glutathione (GSH) depletion and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) residues in liver. UDCA pretreatment significantly attenuated isoniazid plus rifampicin induced oxidative stress in liver. Importantly, UDCA pretreatment significantly alleviated isoniazid plus rifampicin induced hepatic apoptosis. Moreover, UDCA-mediated anti-apoptotic effect seemed to be associated with its regulation of Bcl-2 and Bax gene expression in liver. These findings suggest that UDCA might protect against isoniazid and rifampicin induced liver injury through its anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects.
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PMID:The protective effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on isoniazid plus rifampicin induced liver injury in mice. 2141 64

A novel method was established through the detection of chemiluminescent signals of nucleic acid hybridization based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and PCR. 5' amino- modified specific probes were immobilized on the surface of silanized MNPs by Schiff reaction between amino and aldehyde group. The probes were used to capture the synthetic biotin-dUTP-labeled DNA fragments which were obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then these complexes were bonded with streptavidin-modified alkaline phosphatase (SA-AP). Finally the chemiluminescent signals were detected by adding 3-(2'-spiroadamantane)- 4-methoxy -4-(3"-phosphoryloxy) phenyl-1, 2-dioxetane (AMPPD) which was the substrate reagent of AP. The concentration of probes which were immobilized on the surface of MNPs was studied, how to reduce the adsorption of SA-AP on the surface of MNPs was also researched. It was shown that 12.5 pmol of probes were immobilized on 1 mg of MNPs. Aldehyde-MNPs modified with probes could adsorb SA-AP, affecting the sensitivity of chemiluminescene consequently. Reduction of aldehyde group by sodium borohydride and blocking the bare position of MNPs with bovine serum albumin (BSA) could decrease the background of chemiluminescence, and this method has good specificity in detection of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene.
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PMID:Polymerase chain reaction coupling with magnetic nanoparticles-based biotin-avidin system for amplification of chemiluminescent detection signals of nucleic acid. 2145 41


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