Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A sensitive TLC method is reported for the determination of the platelet-activating factor (PAF) and other phospholipids in human tears. Tear samples absorbed on filter-paper were subjected to diatomite column extraction with chloroform-methanol. The eluent containing phospholipids was spotted on a silica gel plate. After removing lipids other than phospholipids by pre-development with hexane-diethyl ether (4 + 1 v/v), individual phospholipid separation was carried out by development with chloroform-methanol-water (65 + 35 + 7 v/v). Phospholipase C and then alkaline phosphatase solutions were sprayed on the TLC plate at 45 degrees C to liberate phosphate from each phospholipid. By spray application of a mixture of ammonium molybdate and Malachite Green, the liberated phosphates appeared as blue-green spots of molybdophosphate-Malachite Green aggregate on a yellow-brown background. The absorbance of each spot on the plate was measured at 620 nm with a densitometer. The peak area was found to be linearly related to PAF content in the range 2-100 pmol per spot, the RSD being 2% (n = 7). Approximately 86% of standard PAF added to tears was recovered. By this method, lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in human tears could also be detected with high sensitivity. Each phospholipid in healthy human tears showed a nearly constant content; PAF, lysoPC, PC and PE were present at levels of 26.2, 42.3, 10.0 and 19.7%, respectively.
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PMID:Sensitive densitometry for the determination of platelet-activating factor and other phospholipids in human tears. 900 9

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) shows great promise as a durable, wear- and corrosion-resistant coating for biomedical implants. The effects of DLC coatings on the musculoskeletal system have not been investigated in detail. In this study, DLC coatings were deposited on polystyrene 24-well tissue culture plates by fast-atom bombardment from a hexane precursor. Two osteoblast-like cell lines were cultured on uncoated and DLC-coated plates for periods of up to 72 h. The effects of DLC coatings on cellular metabolism were investigated by measuring the production of three osteoblast-specific marker proteins: alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and type I collagen. There was no evidence that the presence of the DLC coating had any adverse effect on any of the parameters measured in this study. In a second series of experiments, DLC-coated cobalt-chromium cylinders were implanted in intramuscular locations in rats and in transcortical sites in sheep. Histologic analysis of specimens retrieved 90 days after surgery showed that the DLC-coated specimens were well tolerated in both sites. These data indicate that DLC coatings are biocompatible in vitro and in vivo, and further investigations into their long-term biological and tribological performance are now warranted.
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PMID:In vitro and in vivo investigations into the biocompatibility of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings for orthopedic applications. 1131 48

Methanol extract (MeOH), n-hexane (Hx), chloroform (CHCl3), ethyl acetate (EA), butanol (BuOH) and aqueous (H2O) fractions of Eucommiae Cortex including geniposidic acid (GA), geniposide (GP) and aucubin (AU) were tested for their therapeutic efficacy on osteoporosis. The contents of GA, GP and AU in the cortex and leaf of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were quantified by HPLC. The effect of Eucommiae Cortex on the induction of growth hormone (GH) release was studied by using rat pituitary cells. The proliferation of osteoblast-like cells increased by herbal extracts was assayed using a tetrazolium (MTT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and [3H]-proline incorporation assays. The inhibition of osteoclast was studied by using the coculture of mouse bone marrow cells and ST-2 cells. As a result, the GA, GP and AU were present in the cortex more than in the leaf of E. ulmoides Oliver. The MeOH (1 mg/mL), Hx, CHCl3 and EA fractions (each 20 microg/mL) had potent induction of GH release. The CHCl3 exhibited the potent proliferation of osteoblasts. The AU, GP and GA were increased proliferation of osteoblasts. In addition, GA (IC50: 4.43 x 10(-7) M), AU and GP were significantly inhibited proliferation of osteoclast. In summary, it is thought that the components in a part of the fractions of Eucommiae Cortex participate in each step of mechanism for activating osteoblast to facilitate osteogenesis, and suppress osteoclast activity to inhibit osteolysis.
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PMID:Effects of Eucommiae Cortex on osteoblast-like cell proliferation and osteoclast inhibition. 1466 59

The ethanolic rhizome extract of Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) was studied by conventional pharmacological methods including the Hippocratic screening test, and acute and subacute toxicities in rats. The hexane fraction was tested for dermal irritation in rabbits. The ethanolic extract, when tested by the Hippocratic screening test, demonstrated signs that indicated CNS depression such as a decrease in motor activity and respiratory rate, and a loss of screen grip and analgesia. In the acute toxicity test, oral administration of 5 g/kg of Kaempferia galanga produced neither mortality nor significant differences in the body and organ weights between controls and treated animals. Moreover, both gross abnormalities and histopathological changes were not comparatively detectable between all controls and treated animals of both sexes. In subacute toxicity studies, no mortality was observed when varying doses of 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg of ethanolic Kaempferia galanga extract were administered orally per day for a period of 28 days. There were no significant differences in the body and organ weights between controls and treated animals of both sexes. Hematological analysis showed no differences in any of the parameters examined (WBC count, platelet, hematocrit and hemoglobin estimation) in either the control or treated groups of both sexes. However, the differential leukocyte counts showed a slight but significant decrease of lymphocyte count in the 50 and 100 mg/kg male rat groups. In the blood chemistry analysis, no significant change occurred in the blood chemistry parameters, including glucose, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (Alk-P), total protein and albumin of both sexes. Pathologically, neither gross abnormalities nor histopathological changes were observed. No sign of irritation was observed during the dermal irritation test of the hexane fraction of Kaempferia galanga.
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PMID:Toxicity of crude rhizome extract of Kaempferia galanga L. (Proh Hom). 1501 2

The present study deals with evaluation of the hepatotoprotective activity of carotenoids from two well-known microalgae, Spirulina platensis and Dunaliella salina. Carotenoids were extracted in hexane:isopropyl alcohol (1:1 vol/vol) and fed orally in olive oil to Wistar albino rats at a dose of 100 microg/kg of body weight/day (in terms of carotenoids). The degree of hepatoprotection was measured by estimation of biochemical parameters like serum transaminases [serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT)], serum alkaline phosphatase, total albumin, and total protein. The results were compared with those for a control group, a CCl4-induced hepatic damage group, and a group treated with synthetic beta-carotene (all-trans) at the same dose. The protein content of the CCl4-treated group, which received normal diet and a dose of toxin, showed a significant decrease, i.e., 3.92 mg/mL, whereas the protein levels were higher, i.e., 6.96 and 6.32 mg/mL, in the case of the Dunaliella and Spirulina, respectively, carotenoid-treated groups. The CCl4-treated group shown higher activity of transaminases (128.68 units/mL SGPT and 171.52 units/mL SGOT). However, the activity of SGPT was 62.83 units/mL for Dunaliella and 76.83 units/mL for Spirulina, i.e., carotenoids of Dunaliella showed a higher degree of protection. For serum alkaline phosphatase, the standard beta-carotene value was 81.52 units/mL, compared with 84.46 units/mL for the CCl4-treated group; however, natural algal carotenoids yielded 38.45 units/mL (D. salina) and 44.73 units/mL (Spirulina). The total albumin value diminished with CCl4 treatment (2.46 mg/mL); the effect was highest for Dunaliella, followed by the Spirulina carotenoid-treated group. The results clearly indicate that carotenoids from Dunaliella possess better hepatoprotection compared with those from Spirulina. High-performance liquid chromatography of the carotenoids indicated that Spirulina contains only beta-carotene and Dunaliella contains other carotenoids and xanthophyll. The increase in protection with Dunaliella indicates that mixed carotenoids exhibit better biological activity than beta-carotene alone. The results of this study indicate that carotenoids obtained from an algal source have a higher antihepatotoxic effect, compared with synthetic beta-carotene and with beta-carotene alone from a natural source.
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PMID:Comparative evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of carotenoids of microalgae. 1637 66

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is a common vegetable in Asia that has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of Diabetes. PPARs are ligand-dependent transcription factors that belong to the steroid hormone nuclear receptor family and control lipid and glucose homeostasis in the body. We previously reported that the ethyl acetate (EA) extract of bitter gourd activated peroxisome proliferator receptors (PPARs) alpha and gamma. To identify the active compound that activated PPARalpha, wild bitter gourd EA extract was partitioned between n-hexane and 90% methanol/10% H(2)O, and the n-hexane soluble fraction was further separated by silica gel column chromatography and finally by preparative HPLC. A transactivation assay employing a clone of CHOK1 cells stably transfected with a (UAS)(4)-tk-alkaline phosphatase reporter and a chimeric receptor of GAL4-rPPARalpha LBD was used to track the active component. Based on Mass, NMR, and IR spectroscopy, 9cis, 11trans, 13trans-conjugated linolenic acid (9c, 11t, 13t-CLN) was identified as a PPARalpha activator in wild bitter gourd. The isolated 9c, 11t, 13t-CLN rich fraction also significantly induced acyl CoA oxidase (ACO) activity in a peroxisome proliferator-responsive murine hepatoma cell line, H4IIEC3, implying that 9c, 11t, 13t-CLN was able to act on a natural PPARalpha signaling pathway as well. The content of 9c, 11t, 13t-CLN was estimated to be about 7.1 g/kg of our dried wild bitter gourd sample. The concentration of 9c, 11t, 13t-CLN and activation activity in the hydrolyzed EA extract of the seeds was higher than that of the flesh. The potential health benefits of 9c, 11t, 13t-CLN through the PPARalpha regulated mechanism are worthy to be further characterized in in vivo studies.
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PMID:Fractionation and identification of 9c, 11t, 13t-conjugated linolenic acid as an activator of PPARalpha in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). 1695 49

Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Sprengel is a Mexican medicinal plant that is used in the folk medicine for the treatment of hypertension, diabetes, hepatitis and related diseases. The purpose of the present study was to assess the pharmacological properties of different extracts from Cochlospermum vitifolium bark as potential agent for the treatment of some factors related with metabolic syndrome (MS), a complex disease produced for several pathophysiological factors such as visceral fat obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia and liver steatosis. Hexane (HECv), dichloromethane (DECv) and methanol (MECv) extracts were subjected to some pharmacological assays to determine their vasorelaxant and hypoglycemic activity. On the other hand, MECv was also evaluated to determine its hepatoprotective effect on sub-chronic experimental assay. HECv showed a significant endothelium-independent relaxation on rat aorta rings (intact endothelium: IC(50)=14.42+/-5.90 microg/mL, E(max)=92.71+/-8.9%; denuded endothelium: IC(50)=27.94+/-4.0 microg/mL, E(max)=78.68+/-4.6%) and MECv produced an endothelium-dependent relaxation (IC(50)=21.94+/-6.87 microg/mL, E(max)=79.12+/-7.80%) on this tissue. Furthermore, HECv (at a dose of 120 mg/kg) also showed a significant decrease of blood glucose levels (p<0.05) on normoglycemic rats. Moreover, MECv (at a dose of 100 mg/kg) also was administered to bile duct-obstructed rats to determine its hepatoprotective activity, showing a statistically significant decrease of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (PGT, 45%) and alkaline phosphatase (APh, 15%) (p<0.05). Finally, we obtained a crystalline polyphenolic compound from MECv by spontaneous precipitation. Those crystals were identified as (+/-)-naringenin by X-ray diffraction, NMR, IR and GC-MS techniques. Results suggest that Cochlospermum vitifolium could be used as a potential agent against MS since it shows hypoglycemic, vasorelaxant and hepatoprotective properties.
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PMID:Hypoglycemic, vasorelaxant and hepatoprotective effects of Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Sprengel: a potential agent for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. 1697 15

Diabetes mellitus is the most common and serious metabolic disorder among people all over the world. Many plants have successfully been used to overcome this problem. Costus speciosus is widely used in Indian medicine to treat various diseases including diabetes. Bioassay guided fractionation was followed to isolate costunolide from the hexane extract of C. speciosus root. The structure was elucidated using X-ray crystallography. Costunolide was administered to streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg bw)-induced diabetic male wistar rats at different doses (5, 10, 20 mg/kg bw) for 30 days to assess its effect on fasting plasma glucose and cholesterol levels. It was found that plasma glucose was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in a dose-dependent manner when compared to the control. In addition, oral administration of costunolide (20 mg/kg bw) significantly decreased glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)), serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol and at the same time markedly increased plasma insulin, tissue glycogen, HDL cholesterol and serum protein. Also costunolide restored the altered plasma enzyme (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotrasferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase) levels to near normal. Costunolide might have stimulated the beta islets to secrete insulin by inhibiting the expression of nitric oxide synthase. The results of this experimental study indicated that costunolide possessed normo-glycemic and hypolipidemic activity and hence it could be used as a drug for treating diabetes.
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PMID:Normo-glycemic and hypolipidemic effect of costunolide isolated from Costus speciosus (Koen ex. Retz.)Sm. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 1900 66

The present study was carried out to evaluate the possible hepatoprotective activities of the medicinal plant Thespesia populnea in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats. The water suspension (500 mg/kg b.wt.) of leaf, flower and stem bark of T. populnea showed varying levels of protective action against CCl4-induced liver damage as evidenced from significant reduction in the activities of serum marker enzymes for liver damage (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase), and bilirubin levels when compared with CCl4-intoxicated control rats. The stem bark suspension showed maximum hepatoprotection compared with leaf and flower. An ethanol extract of the stem bark was more active than n-hexane and water extracts, showing remarkable protection at a dose of 60 mg/kg b.wt. The hepatoprotective effect of this extract was almost comparable to that of silymarin (100 mg/kg), a reference herbal drug. Thus, the present study indicates that ethanol extract of T. populnea stem bark is promising for further studies leading to hepatoprotective drug development.
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PMID:Hepatoprotective property of Thespesia populnea against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in rats. 1966 19

The active principles of brown alga, Turbinaria conoides (J.Agardh) Kuetz. (Sargassaceae) was extracted with n-hexane, cyclohexane, methanol and ethanol-water (1:1) and investigated for acute toxicity and antipyretic activity. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of steroids, flavonoids and reducing sugars. Acute toxicity study was performed in Wistar rats after administration of extracts orally. No mortality was observed up to the dose of 5 g/kg for methanol and ethanol-water (1:1) extracts whereas n-hexane and cyclohexane extracts were found to be toxic at the dose levels of 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg respectively. In biochemical analysis, n-hexane, cyclohexane and ethanol-water (1:1) extracts caused a significant (P<0.01) increase in serum cholesterol, protein and alkaline phosphatase levels. In haematological studies, a significant difference was observed for cyclohexane and ethanol-water (1:1) extracts in polymorphs, lymphocytes and eosinophils when compared to the control. Antipyretic activity of extracts (100-400 mg/kg doses) was carried out on yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. Cyclohexane extract exhibited more significant antipyretic activity (P<0.01) than the other extracts at a dose of 200 mg/kg (54.43%), which was comparable to that of paracetamol at a dose of 33 mg/kg. The findings validated the use of this brown alga in traditional cure of children's fever.
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PMID:Acute toxicity study and antipyretic effect of the brown alga Turbinaria conoides (J. Agardh) Kuetz. 2044 48


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