Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activities of alkaline phosphatase, NAD diaphorase and NADP diaphorase increased in infantile mouse ovaries in response to injected gonadotrophins. The distribution and activity of these enzymes were studied in detail in the ovaries of normal mice from 1 to 41 days after birth and in mice injected at various ages with FSH, LH and HCG. Granulosa cells contained NAD and NADP diaphorases. Thecal cells contained NADP diaphorase and alkaline phosphatase with NAD diaphorase first appearing in the thecae of larger follicles 11 days after birth. All three enzymes occurred in interstitial tissue, in the interfollicular stroma and in groups of gonadotrophin-responsive cells in the medulla. These medullary cells and the interstitial tissue were stimulated by exogenous LH and HCG but not by FSH. Granulosa, theca and interfollicular tissue were stimulated at some stage by each of the three injected hormones. The normal pattern of development is discussed in relation to the changing serum levels of endogenous gonadotrophin found in similar mice. It is concluded that the enzyme changes were closely and reciprocally related to endogenous hormone concentrations.
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PMID:Histochemical studies on three gonadotrophin-responsive enzymes in the infantile mouse ovary. 112 17

Oxymetholone, a steroid which inhibits progesterone synthesis, was given to 6 women in early pregnancy to produce abortions. Patients were less than 7 weeks pregnant; duration since last menstrual period was less than 46 days when therapy started. Dosage varied from 50 mg daily for 7 days to 100 mg 3 times a day for 10 days. Serum HCG, progesterone, and estradiol levels were measured before, during, and after therapy. Also total serum proteins, albumin, globulin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, SGPT, and complete blood counts were obtained before and immediately after treatment. All determinations were normal, including the hormones. No abortions resulted from the therapy although some vaginal bleeding was noted by 3 patients. Nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain were side effects in 4. Results indicate that oxymetholone is an ineffective agent for termination of early pregnancy.
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PMID:A study of the abortifacient effect of oxymetholone in early gestation. 113 38

A system of dual perfusion of an isolated lobule of term human placenta was used as a model to study the transfer of heparin from maternal to foetal circulation. The metabolic viability of the system was assessed by measuring beta-HCG and alkaline phosphatase levels in both maternal and foetal perfusates. Creatinine and antipyrine were used as markers to determine juxtaposition of the maternal and foetal circulations. Results of this study indicate that following administration of a single bolus dose of heparin into the maternal circulation, its concentration declined slowly from 99.01 +/- 2.98 at 15 min to 97.23 +/- 4.12% and transfer of heparin in the foetal circulation was linear and increased from 0.10% +/- 0.05% at 15 min to 0.46 +/- 0.19% over a period of 120 min. The maternal (MAUC) and foetal (FAUC) concentration-time integrals were found to be 70160 +/- 1332 and 340 +/- 30 int. units min mL-1, respectively. Placental permeability of heparin and creatinine, calculated as the ratio of foetal concentration to the integral maternal-foetal concentration difference, was 8.65 x 10(-5) +/- 0.80 x 10(-5) and 0.033 +/- 0.006 mL min-1 g-1 of perfused placental weight, respectively. These data suggest that heparin was transferred from the maternal to the foetal circulation in small quantities.
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PMID:Transfer of heparin across the human perfused placental lobule. 136 58

The role of serum alkaline phosphatase as a tumor marker for testicular germ cell disease was investigated in 26 patients with testicular seminoma and 13 with nonseminomatous germ cell testis tumors. Placental alkaline phosphatase-like enzyme was elevated in 50% of the stage I seminoma patients and in all patients with stages II to III disease. In addition, liver (tissue unspecific) alkaline phosphatase was elevated in 10 and 83% of the patients, respectively. Lactic dehydrogenase and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG) were detected in 50 to 60% of the patients with stage I seminoma. By combining placental alkaline phosphatase-like enzyme, lactic dehydrogenase and beta-HCG, 75% of the stage I and 100% of the stages II and III seminoma patients could be identified correctly. Placental alkaline phosphatase-like enzyme in serum also occurred with nonseminomatous germ cell tumor but less frequently, while liver alkaline phosphatase was not detected at all. Thus, placental alkaline phosphatase-like enzyme and liver alkaline phosphatase were predominantly determined in the serum of patients with seminoma. In studies of tumor tissues from 31 of these patients, those with normal serum placental alkaline phosphatase-like enzyme levels had significantly lower tissue placental alkaline phosphatase-like enzyme levels than patients with elevated serum levels (p less than 0.01). Seminoma tissues showed significantly higher levels of placental alkaline phosphatase-like enzyme and liver alkaline phosphatase than nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (p less than 0.01), explaining the infrequent elevation of serum placental alkaline phosphatase-like enzyme and liver alkaline phosphatase found in patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.
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PMID:The role of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes as tumor markers for testicular germ cell tumors. 171 86

Seminomas and control tissues were analyzed for several tumor markers. Very high levels of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP)-like enzyme levels were found in all 18 seminomas studied. The majority of the seminomas were of phenotype I, thus differing from palcental PLAP. The mean amount of enzyme protein as measured by monoclonal antibodies, was 100 times higher than in non-malignant tissues and 10 times lower than in placental tissue. The specific enzymatic activity in seminomas was about half of that observed in placenta. Similarly, the specific activity of PLAP-like enzymes in sera of patients with seminoma was only about half of that found in pregnancy sera. HCG was strongly elevated in 3 seminomas, but not obviously related to PLAP. Thirteen of the 17 pure seminomas had HCG over 100 IU/g, which was not seen in normal testes. Liver alkaline phosphatase (LAP) and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) were high in seminomatous tissues, the mean increases being 60-fold and 20-fold, respectively. The highest IAP levels were found in 2 yolk-sac tumors. Ferritin was moderately elevated in seminomas, but high in several control tissues. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was not elevated and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was not detected at all in pure seminomas. A decrease in carbohydrate antigen 50 (CA-50) content was noted in seminomas as compared to normal testes, yolk-sac tumors and choriocarcinomas. Defects in tumor-related enzymes may account for increase of PLAP and decrease of CA-50.
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PMID:Patterns of seminoma tissue markers and deletions. 244

The utility of the markers CEA, beta-HCG, CA-50, alpha-fetoprotein (APF), ferritin, alkaline phosphatase (AP), its isoenzyme liver-1 (APL1), gamma-glutamyltransferase (gGT), its fast migrating isoenzyme (gGT1) and 5'nucleotidase (5'N) in differentiating liver malignancies and benign involvement was evaluated in the sera of 85 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 157 with chronic liver disease (CLD) and 91 with liver metastases (LM) derived from different tumors. The mean concentrations of all the parameters except CEA and GGT1 were significantly different in HCC and CLD, but a broad overlap existed in the two groups, so different cut-offs were considered to assess the positive and negative predictive values and test efficiency (Eff). The best results were observed considering AFP greater than 100 IU/m (Eff0.86), ferritin greater than 800 ng/ml (Eff0.69), CA-50 greater than 100 U/ml (Eff 0.63), beta-HCG greater than 10 mU/ml (Eff 0.61), AP greater than 300 IU/ml (Eff 0.66), the presence of APL1 (Eff 0.78), 5'N greater than 25 mU/ml (Eff 0.70), gGT greater than 100 mIU/ml (Eff 0.63). Among HCC patients 17% did not secrete AFP; in 26% the protein was less than 100 IU/ml and in 36% less than 400 IU/ml. Apart from AFP the most effective marker was APL1. At the above cut-offs more than three parameters were simultaneously positive in 71% of HCC and 9.9% of CLD. CEA, CA50, AFP were the only parameters that distinguished the HCC from the LM group; in the latter, APL1 was also a very sensitive marker (87%) for neoplastic involvement of the liver.
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PMID:Efficiency of composite laboratory tests in the diagnosis of liver malignancies. 248 15

The Tandem ICON monoclonal antibody pregnancy test kit and the Gravindex beta-HCG slide test were compared for management of suspected ectopic pregnancy in 38 patients in Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, from 1985-1986. 17 of the women had ectopic pregnancies confirmed by laparotomy or laparoscopy, and 5 others had intrauterine pregnancy. There were no errors with the Tandem ICON tests, but 8 false negatives among ectopic and 1 false negative among the intrauterine pregnancies with the Gravindex tests. The Tandem ICON test takes about 5 minutes, uses urine, and is based on a blue color reaction with the antibody-labeled alkaline phosphatase enzyme. Its sensitivity is 50 IU/1 according to the manufacturer. Thus, using such a sensitive pregnancy test and ultrasound, ectopic pregnancies could be distinguished from intrauterine pregnancy in women with acute abdominal pain, without requiring diagnostic laparoscopy, although very early intrauterine pregnancy or concomitant intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy would not be revealed.
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PMID:The evaluation of a pregnancy test (Tandem ICON) in the management of ectopic pregnancy. 296 13

The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic significance of serum tumor markers in metastatic breast cancer and to evaluate their usefulness in monitoring palliative treatment. One hundred sixty-two breast cancer patients with various disease involvement have been followed-up by serum beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (beta-HCG), alkaline phosphatase (AP), phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) analysis for 6 to 29 months. In metastatic disease, rates of elevated tumor marker levels ranging between 44% and 91% were found except for beta-HCG (13%). The low rate of positive beta-HCG values did not suggest that routine estimation may be useful. For the other markers, differences in positive rates were seen when site of metastasis, tumor burden, tumor activity, and stage of disease were taken into account. CEA and TPA were shown to be more sensitive indicators for metastatic disease than AP and PHI. TPA was more sensitive but less specific than CEA; both provided almost identical discrimination. In monitoring palliative treatment, a close correlation was found between the clinical course and changes of CEA. AP and PHI frequently became elevated only in very advanced disease, their elevation supported the clinical evidence of progression.
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PMID:Serum tumor markers in metastatic breast cancer and course of disease. 619 67

Experimental chemotherapy with choriocarcinoma transplanted in nude mice has been studying to improve the prognosis of drug resistant choriocarcinoma. In this paper the characteristics of transplanted tumors were presented. Two tumors, CC-HM-I (HM) and CC-I-JCK (JCK), were used. The characteristics of the tumors were studied in macroscopical findings, histological findings, growth curves, DNA amount analysis, LDH activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and their isozyme patterns. Both tumors well maintained the characteristics of original and/or the beginning ones. Some differences between two tumors were pointed out. In morphology, HM was yellowish and hard tumor and the growth rate was rather slow. While, JCK was dark and soft tumor and contained a lot of bleeding and necrotic tissue. Its growth rate was quick and all of nude mice with JCK died of tumors around 50 days after transplantation. The serum level of HCG of HM was 75.8 +/- 2.8 ng/ml/g tumor and that of JCK was 117.4 +/- 6.2 ng/ml/g tumor. The good correlation between the tumor weight and the serum level of HCG was obtained in both groups. The activities of LDH and alkaline phosphatase in the tissues of JCK were about 3 times as higher as the one of HM. It was confirmed that the transplanted choriocarcinoma in nude mice was useful model for the study the nature of human choriocarcinoma and it will contribute to the establishment of the rational chemotherapy for drug resistant choriocarcinoma.
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PMID:[Characteristics of human choriocarcinoma transplanted in nude mice (author's transl)]. 719 34

The preparation of highly purified monolayer cultures of human cytotrophoblast cells essentially free of stromal and syncytial cells is described. Such cells subsequently form multinucleate syncytial cells in vitro. This is accompanied by the synthesis of heat-stable alkaline phosphatase and beta-HCG. A significant proportion of the multinucleate cells that form in monolayer cultures of early placentae arise as a result of an amitosis. It is suggested that this in vitro behavior may reflect an in vivo process.
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PMID:Preparation of highly purified cytotrophoblast from human placenta with subsequent modulation to form syncytiotrophoblast in monolayer cultures. 741 34


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