Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A new double-label immunocytochemical method detects JC virus (JCV) early (T-antigen) and late (capsid) proteins simultaneously in cryostat sections of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) brain tissue from both acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and non-AIDS patients. T-antigen is detected with a monoclonal antibody (PAb 416) followed by goat anti-mouse IgG and mouse Clono-PAP, while capsid proteins are detected by a rabbit polyclonal antiserum to capsid proteins followed by biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG and streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate. The substrates are 3,3'-diaminobenzidine and Vector Red I, respectively. With this method some infected glial cells stain for late (capsid) antigens in the nucleus, while others show early protein (large T-antigen) immunoreactivity. The latter are likely to be astrocytes infected abortively or oligodendrocytes in the early stages of a productive JCV infection.
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PMID:A double-label method detects both early (T-antigen) and late (capsid) proteins of JC virus in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy brain tissue from AIDS and non-AIDS patients. 284 76

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glioma-associated antigens (GAA) defined by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were demonstrated simultaneously in human astrocytoma tissue. GFAP was stained by PAP-method, GAA were visualized by avidin-biotin-technique using alkaline phosphatase. In primary and secondary tumors as well as in tissue culture heterogeneity of GFAP- and GAA-expression is obvious. GFAP is mostly restricted to cell processes and less marked in the perinuclear space. Depending on the individual antibody, MAbs-positive material is located either in the tumor cell plasma (MUC 8-22) or on cell surface membranes (MUC 2-63). There is remarkable expression of GAA in cell clusters which fail to express GFAP. At higher magnification, 3 types of cellular reactivity are detectable: (a) cells which react only with anti-GFAP, (b) cells which react only with anti-GAA and (c) cells which express both, GFAP and GAA, especially those of protoplasmic astrocyte type. These cells also occur in subcutaneous tumor grafts, and may thus represent not only a reactive event, but be part of tumor cell populations.
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PMID:Simultaneous demonstration of glia- and glioma-associated antigens in human astrocytomas. 316 45

Fifteen patients with advanced (T3-4, Nx-2, M0-1) prostatic adenocarcinoma were treated with local microwave hyperthermia (LMwH) applied as the sole method of therapy (automatically controlled set generating 2,450 MHz microwaves with intrarectal applicator). All patients were monitored with a battery of tests, including USG image and volumetry of prostate, bone scintigraphy, serum alkaline phosphatase and serum level of PAP. LMwH sessions were well tolerated and did not cause pain except a moderate sensation of heating in the pelvic region. 8 of these 15 patients responded to the therapy (3x complete remission and 5x partial remission). Involution of the prostatic tumor in responders was accompanied by improvement of the general clinical and urological state. In two responders bone metastases, documented scintigraphically before therapy, disappeared. 7 patients did not respond to LMwH, mostly patients with very large primary tumors.
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PMID:Local microwave hyperthermia in treatment of advanced prostatic adenocarcinoma. 334 60

Synovial membranes of patients with osteoarthritis--a disease with unaltered immunoregulation--and rheumatoid arthritis were immunostained for the different immunoglobulin isotypes using the PAP-method and a two-layer alkaline phosphatase technique. Randomly selected plasma cells with positive immunostaining were measured by plug photometry. The average extinction of the single plasma cell is considered to be indicative of the immunoglobulin synthesis of the measured plasma cell and the isotype under study. When we compared both disease entities, patients with rheumatoid arthritis were characterized (i) by higher average extinction values for all Ig-isotypes except IgG (ii) by a higher rate of high producer plasma cells. From this data, we conclude that immunophotometry is a new in vivo method for discriminating two types of synovitis (i) one without increased Ig-synthesis at the single cell level and (ii) a second one with increased Ig-synthesis.
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PMID:In situ evaluation of immunoglobulin synthesis of synovial plasma cells in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis by plug photometry. 373 79

Forty-two cases of Ewing's sarcoma (ES) have been studied with light microscopy during the 9-year period 1974 to 1982. Thirty-three patients had ES of bone, and in 9 patients the tumor was located in the extraskeletal soft tissues. Cases which fulfilled all the morphologic criteria were accepted as typical ES (31 cases), and those with some architectural or cytologic peculiarities were considered atypical forms of ES (11 cases). An immunohistochemical study (PAP method) to evaluate the presence in the tumor cells of the following markers: myoglobin, F-VIII-related antigen, lysozyme, alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, and immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, kappa and lambda light chains), was performed with negative results in all cases (paraffin blocks were available in 38 cases). The cytochemical study on fresh tissue imprints from five patients (PAS, Sudan Black, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, acid phosphatase, beta glucuronidase, myeloperoxidases, naphthol-AS-D chloroacetate esterase and alkaline phosphatase) gave no pattern of histogenetic significance, PAS being the best morphologic marker in tissue sections and touch preparations. A detailed ultrastructural study was performed on 34 cases; the main findings may be summarized as follows: medium sized cells, polygonal shape, oval nuclei, smooth nuclear envelope, abundant euchromatin, well-developed nucleolonema, scant membranous organelles, abundant hyaloplasmic glycogen, occasional lipid vacuoles, straight cell membranes, and primitive intercellular junctions. No differences were found between bone and extraskeletal ES; moreover, typical and atypical forms showed moderate quantitative differences with no qualitative change. The histogenesis is discussed; no functional or morphologic markers have been found to suggest the cell of origin; however, some cell lines may be excluded. It is the impression of the authors that they are dealing with a primitive noncommitted mesenchymal cell.
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PMID:On the histogenesis of Ewing's sarcoma. An ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and cytochemical study. 636 49

We report a simple and reliable method for detection of two or more antigens within tissue sections by indirect immunoenzyme staining using mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). This technique involves treating sections with two 5-min microwave (MW) oven heatings between sequential rounds of three-layer immunoenzyme staining (mouse MAb, goat anti-mouse IgG, and mouse PAP or mouse APAAP) and color development. Discrete staining of cell surface, cytoplasmic, and nuclear antigens was evident within individual cells. This technique has a number of advantages over those currently available. First, MW treatment denatures bound antibody molecules, thereby completely blocking crossreactivity between sequential rounds of staining. This allows the use of primary (and other) antibodies raised in the same species and the use of a sensitive three-layer staining method. Second, antigen retrieval after MW treatment markedly increases the sensitivity of cytoplasmic and nuclear antigen detection. Third, inactivation of peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes present in PAP and APAAP complexes prevents inappropriate color development. Finally, this method can be used in both paraformaldehyde-fixed cryostat sections and formalin-fixed paraffin tissue sections. In conclusion, this is a simple, reliable, and sensitive technique that will be useful in many areas of diagnosis and research.
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PMID:A novel, simple, reliable, and sensitive method for multiple immunoenzyme staining: use of microwave oven heating to block antibody crossreactivity and retrieve antigens. 782 70

Seventy-seven cases of prostate cancer were treated for 5 years at our department and all cases were followed by bone scintigraphy and tumor markers. Of these cases on case of flare response on bone scintigraphy was recognized. A 51-year-old man was hospitalized with chief complaint of lumbago. Serum PAP and gamma-Sm levels were 320 ng/ml and 15 ng/ml, respectively. Prostate biopsy revealed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. Bone scintigraphy and CT scan demonstrated multiple bone metastases and lymph nodes involvements. Treatment was started with diethylstilbestrol diphosphate (DES). At one month after the initiation of treatment tumor markers fell down to the normal level and lumbago was diminished, but only serum alkaline phosphatase was elevated and bone scintigraphy showed apparent progression of individual lesions (flare response). The treatment was not altered. At the times after 2, 8, 12 and 36 months successful treatment the bone imaging improved with reduced tracer uptake and no new lesions. The flare response is a healing reaction and is followed apparent improvement. In general, serial bone scintigrams accurately depict the activity of bone metastases in the patients of prostate cancer, but between 1 and 3 months after starting treatment the paradoxical "flare phenomenon" should be taken care.
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PMID:[Flare response on bone scintigraphy in metastatic prostate cancer]. 802 46

Isolated proximal tubular (PT) and distal tubular (DT) cells from rat kidney were cultured for up to 9 days under serum-free, hormonally-defined conditions on 35-mm polystyrene culture dishes. Several hormonal and growth factor supplements were assessed for their ability to promote growth (increased protein and DNA content) and stability of differentiated phenotype (high activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase as brush-border membrane markers in PT cells; maintenance of high activities of glutamate dehydrogenase as a mitochondrial marker in both PT and DT cells; maintenance of low and high activities of lactate dehydrogenase in PT and DT cells, respectively; expression of cytokeratins). Basal supplemented media (DMEM/F12, 1:1 v/v) contained insulin, hydrocortisone, epidermal growth factor, sodium selenite and transferrin as supplements. Additionally, triiodothyronine selectively promoted growth and stability of differentiated phenotype in PT cells and thyrocalcitonin selectively promoted growth and stability of differentiated phenotype in DT cells. On Day 3 of primary culture, PT and DT cells were incubated for up to 8 h with either tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBH; 0.5-10 mM), methyl vinyl ketone (MVK; 1-10 mM), or p-aminophenol (PAP; 1-10 mM) and cellular injury, as assessed by cellular release of lactate dehydrogenase, was determined. DT cells were significantly more susceptible to injury from both tBH and MVK, but the two cell populations were equally susceptible to injury from PAP, which is the same susceptibility pattern seen in freshly isolated cells. These results suggest that primary cultures of rat renal PT and DT cells reflect similar biochemical properties as freshly isolated cells and are, therefore, useful models for study of chemically induced injury.
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PMID:Susceptibility of primary cultures of proximal tubular and distal tubular cells from rat kidney to chemically induced toxicity. 854 48

Procollagen 1 carboxyterminal peptide (P1CP) is thought to be an indicator of new bone formation. The present report demonstrates that effective endocrine therapy induced an initial increase followed by a delayed decrease in serum levels of P1CP and alkaline phosphatase in spite of an immediate decrease in serum PSA and PAP and improvement of clinical symptoms in prostate cancer patients with bone metastases. The transient increase in P1CP and alkaline phosphatase is a healing reaction and is followed by apparent improvement. Short-term effects of endocrine therapy on prostate cancer patients with bone metastases should be comprehensively evaluated based upon the entire spectrum of clinical and laboratory findings including serial changes of serum prostate markers and bone markers as well.
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PMID:A transient increase in serum procollagen 1 carboxyterminal peptide following effective treatment in prostate cancer patients with bone metastases. 925 25

The reference values of common blood chemistry analytes in healthy population, aged newborn to 80 years, of Rawalpindi Islamabad area were determined at AFIP, Rawalpindi. A total of 2115 healthy subjects, 1206 males and 909 females, were included in the study. Plasma glucose was analysed by GOD/POD, serum cholesterol by CHOD/PAP, triglycerides by GPO/PAP, urea by urease/GLDH, creatinine by Jaffe' rate reaction, uric acid by uricase, total bilirubin by Jendrassik and Grof, total protein by biuret, alanine transaminase (ALT) by optimized IFCC and alkaline phosphatase (AP) by optimized DGKC method. The between batch CVs of all the parameters were within acceptable quality goals. The reference values were calculated using 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles as lower and upper limits (95% CI). In healthy adult males the reference values were: fasting plasma glucose, 3.6-6.0 mmol/l; serum cholesterol; 3.2-6.6 mmol/l; triglycerides, 0.6-2.3 mmol/l; urea, 2.8-6.4 mmol/l; creatinine, 65-132 umol/l; uric acid, 164-430 umol/l; total bilirubin, 5-18 umol/l; total protein, 57-83 g/l; ALT, 15-45 U/l and AP, 185-620 U/l. The values in adult females, children and elderly subjects were slightly different than adult males. The reference values of our population show mild to moderate differences from the other Asian, European and American populations. It is recommended that reference values of different biochemical investigations should be established in various areas of Pakistan to make appropriate use of such investigations.
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PMID:Reference values of common blood chemistry analytes in healthy population of Rawalpindi-Islamabad area. 930 Nov 67


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