Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This communication presents the results obtained in tubular aggregates of 24 enzyme histochemical techniques for demonstrating activity of oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases and isomerases. The activity characteristics of the tubular aggregates in m. gluteus medius of 18 patients with diseases of the neuromuscular system were almost identical. A high activity of the mitochondrial enzymes, NADPH: tetrazolium oxidoreductase, NADH:tetrazolium oxidoreductase and cytochrome c oxidase, could be shown in the pathological structures, whereas the activity of the mitochondrial enzymes, glycerol-3-phosphate:menadione oxidoreductase, succinate:PMS oxidoreductase, malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase and isocitrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, and the partial mitochondrial enzymes, malate:NADP+ oxidoreductase and isocitrate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, was very slight or even absent. There was a moderate to strong activity of the glycolytic enzymes lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, phosphofructokinase, phosphoglucomutase and glucose phosphate isomerase. In contrast, the activity of alpha-glucan phosphorylase was slight. The activity of phosphogluconate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, glucose-6-phosphate:NADP+ oxidoreductase and 5'-nucleotidase was slight, whereas there was no activity of myosin ATPase and mitochondrial ATPase, acid phosphatase or alkaline phosphatase. The high activity of AMP-deaminase was very striking. The activity of peroxidase was moderate. Results obtained with adsorption studies point to adsorption of some of the enzymes studied to the tubular aggregates in vivo and this phenomenon very probably determined the histochemical characteristics of these structures.
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PMID:Histochemical features of tubular aggregates in diseased human skeletal muscle fibres. 317 98

The effect of type 5 adenovirus infection on the synthesis of host-cell proteins by suspension cultures of KB cells was investigated. Although total protein synthesis continued at a constant rate for approximately 36 hr, net synthesis of five host enzymes (lactic dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, deoxyribonuclease, fumarase, and phosphoglucose isomerase) was found to stop 16 to 20 hr after infection. The synthesis of alkaline phosphatase stopped 9 to 12 hr after infection. The inhibition of host protein synthesis occurred shortly after the synthesis of viral antigens had begun, accounting for the continued synthesis of total protein. An investigation of the relationship between synthesis of viral antigens and inhibition of host protein synthesis yielded results which suggest that the two processes are in some way coupled.
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PMID:Inhibition of host protein synthesis in type 5 adenovirus-infected cells. 424 53

The synthesis of the glycoprotein enzymes, invertase and acid phosphatase, by protoplasts of Saccharomyces mutant 1016, is inhibited by 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-dG) after a 20- to 30-min lag period under conditions (external sugar to 2-dG ratio of 40:1) which cause only a slight decrease in total protein synthesis. Formation of one intracellular enzyme, alpha-glucosidase, is also sensitive, but production of another, alkaline phosphatase, is unaffected. A nonmetabolized glucose analogue, 6-deoxy-d-glucose, had no inhibitory effect. The total uptake of external fructose and maltose was decreased by 2-dG after a lag period of about the same duration as that before the inhibition of synthesis of enzymes or of mannan and glucan; during this time 2-dG was taken up by the protoplasts and accumulated primarily as 2-dG-6-phosphate (2-dG-6-P). Studies in vitro showed that 2-dG-6-P inhibits both yeast phosphoglucose isomerase and phosphomannose isomerase. The intracellular levels of the 6-phosphates of glucose, fructose, and mannose did not increase in the presence of 2-dG. We suggest that the high internal level of 2-dG-6-P blocks synthesis of the cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins in two ways. It directly inhibits the conversion of fructose-6-P to glucose-6-P and to mannose-6-P. At the same time, it restricts the transport of fructose and maltose into the cell; however, the continuing limited uptake of the sugars still provides sufficient energy for protein synthesis. The cessation of alpha-glucosidase synthesis is probably a result of depletion of the internal pool of maltose (the inducer). Our findings support the suggestion that restriction of synthesis of the carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins reduces formation of the active enzyme.
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PMID:Inhibition by 2-deoxy-D-glucose of synthesis of glycoprotein enzymes by protoplasts of Saccharomyces: relation to inhibition of sugar uptake and metabolism. 505 66

Serial determinations of serum lactic-acid dehydrogenase (LDH), phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) were carried out in 30 patients with primary and four with secondary neoplasms of the lung. Enzyme values were correlated with the stage of illness, with tumour histology, with chemotherapy and with the extent and site of metastases as determined at autopsy. The activity of the enzymes LDH and PHI was most frequently elevated; their values correlated closely. AP and GOT tended to become elevated only shortly before death. Although, in general, enzyme activity increased with tumour extension and often in relation to chemotherapy, assays provided little assistance in early diagnosis or prognosis except that, in most instances, elevated values of any of the four enzymes indicated the presence of metastases.
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PMID:Serum enzymes in patients with carcinoma of lung: lactic-acid dehydrogenase, phosphohexose isomerase, alkaline phosphatase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. 601 71

The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic significance of serum tumor markers in metastatic breast cancer and to evaluate their usefulness in monitoring palliative treatment. One hundred sixty-two breast cancer patients with various disease involvement have been followed-up by serum beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (beta-HCG), alkaline phosphatase (AP), phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) analysis for 6 to 29 months. In metastatic disease, rates of elevated tumor marker levels ranging between 44% and 91% were found except for beta-HCG (13%). The low rate of positive beta-HCG values did not suggest that routine estimation may be useful. For the other markers, differences in positive rates were seen when site of metastasis, tumor burden, tumor activity, and stage of disease were taken into account. CEA and TPA were shown to be more sensitive indicators for metastatic disease than AP and PHI. TPA was more sensitive but less specific than CEA; both provided almost identical discrimination. In monitoring palliative treatment, a close correlation was found between the clinical course and changes of CEA. AP and PHI frequently became elevated only in very advanced disease, their elevation supported the clinical evidence of progression.
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PMID:Serum tumor markers in metastatic breast cancer and course of disease. 619 67

Immunochemical techniques with enzymes as the antigen have grown in frequency during the last few years. These techniques have allowed evaluation of enzymes in the presence of endogenous inhibitors. Among those enzymes measured by immunochemical techniques and which have found diagnostic application, mention will be made of alkaline phosphatase (with particular reference to the intestinal, placental, and Regan isoenzymes), lactate dehydrogenase (in which renewed interest has developed due to techniques for specifically measuring the LD-1 isoenzyme), aspartate aminotransferase (of which the cytosolic and mitochondrial forms can now be independently measured by immunochemical techniques), acid phosphatase (for which a specific immunochemical assay for the prostatic enzyme has been widely introduced in diagnostic laboratories), and creatine kinase (for which a variety of immunochemical techniques to measure the M- and B-subunits are now part of standard laboratory assays). Other enzymes which will be discussed in this review include phosphohexose isomerase, amylase, ribonuclease, and lysozyme (muramidase). Finally, the use of enzymes, particularly asparaginase, in the chemotherapy of cancer will be outlined.
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PMID:Immunoassay of enzymes--an overview. 634 26

The effect of DL alpha-lipoic acid on the nephrotoxic potential of gentamicin was examined. Intraperitoneal injection of gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day) to rats resulted in decreased activity of the glycolytic enzymes-hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase. The two gluconeogenic enzymes--glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, the transmembrane enzymes namely the Na+, K(+)-ATPase, Ca(2+)-ATPase, Mg(2+)-ATPase and the brushborder enzyme alkaline phosphatase, also showed decreased activities. This decrease in the activities of ATPases and alkaline phosphatase suggests basolateral and brush border membrane damage. Decreased activity of the TCA cycle enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH), suggests a loss in mitochondrial integrity. These biochemical disturbances were effectively counteracted by lipoic acid administration. Lipoic acid administration by gastric intubation at two different concentrations (10 mg and 25 mg/kg/day) brought about an increase in the activity of the glycolytic enzymes, ATPases and the TCA cycle enzymes. The gluconeogenic enzymes however showed a further decrease in their activities at both the concentrations of lipoic acid administered. These observations shed light on the nephroprotective action of lipoic acid against experimental aminoglycoside toxicity and the protection afforded at 25 mg/kg/day of lipoic acid was noted to be higher than that at 10 mg level.
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PMID:Role of DL alpha-lipoic acid in gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. 765 73

A five-point linkage map has been established between the loci encoding liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), enolase 1-alpha (ENO1), glucose-phosphate isomerase (GPI), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) in swine. Linkage analysis was performed using the Meishan x Yorkshire three-generation reference pedigree at the University of Illinois (n = 91). Previously ENO1, GPI, PGD, and TGFB1 were mapped to porcine chromosome 6q by in situ hybridization but the linkage relations of TGFB1 and ENO1 with other loci in this group were not investigated. Based on mapping data from human chromosomes 1 and 19 and mouse chromosomes 4 and 7, it was postulated that ALPL should reside among or near these loci. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were identified for ALPL, ENO1, and TGFB1. GPI (EC 5.3.1.9) and PGD (EC 1.1.1.44) phenotypes were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis of isozymes. Marker data were analyzed using the MLINK (two locus) and ILINK (multilocus) programs from LINKAGE (version 5.10). The most likely locus order between GPI-TGFB1-(PGD-ENO1)-ALPL with recombination rates of 0.049, 0.044, 0.000, and 0.156, respectively, could not be significantly determined. The maximum five-point lod score was the same to four decimal places irrespective of the order of ENO1 and PGD. This indicates that ENO1 and PGD are very closely linked and that ALPL is located telomeric to the established linkage group on pig chromosome 6.
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PMID:Linkage relationships between ALPL, ENO1, GPI, PGD, and TGFB1 on porcine chromosome 6. 810 72

Enzymology has acquired a prominent place in human pathology, and serum enzyme investigations have become a prerequisite for various diseases, including cancer. Serum phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), aldolase (ALD) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were evaluated in 90 untreated patients with cervical carcinoma and 84 healthy age-matched females (controls). The concentrations of the three enzymes were significantly raised (p < 0.001) in patients compared to the controls. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed higher sensitivities of PHI and ALP, as compared to ALD at different specificity levels between 60 and 95%. Combined use of PHI and ALP revealed increased sensitivity and specificity. Combined use of PHI, ALD and ALP revealed a greater number of responders with enzyme values within the normal range than nonresponders. The results suggest that combined evaluation of the enzymes might be helpful to establish a useful aid to strengthen the armamentarium currently employed in the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of patients with cervical carcinoma.
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PMID:Combined use of serum enzyme levels as tumor markers in cervical carcinoma patients. 814 29

Adult Glossina swynnertoni Austen that emerged from puparia collected during 1989 and 1991 near Makuyuni, Tanzania, were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fourteen of 17 enzymes were monomorphic. Midgut alkaline phosphatase (ALKPH), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (PGI) from the head and thorax were polymorphic. Banding patterns indicated that the locus for PGM was on the X chromosome and loci for ALKPH and PGI were autosomal. For the 17 loci studied, the mean heterozygosity per locus was 6.1 +/- 3.7% in the 1989 sample and 5.7 +/- 3.7% in the 1991 sample. The effective number of alleles per locus was 1.11 and 1.10 in these samples. This level of genetic variation was low compared with other populations of tsetse flies and indicated that the sample may have been drawn from a small inbred population or one that recently had gone through a genetic bottleneck.
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PMID:Genetic variation in a Tanzanian population of Glossina swynnertoni (Diptera: Glossinidae). 845 30


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