Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cell-free extracts of rat brain catalyze the reactions of the purine nucleotide cycle. Ammonia is formed during the deamination but not the amination phase of the cycle. The activity of adenylate deaminase in brain is sufficient to account for the maximum rates of ammonia production that have been reported. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase is not sufficient to account for these rates of ammonia production. The activities of adenylosuccinate synthetase and adenylosuccinase are nearly sufficient to account for the steady state rates of ammonia production observed in brain. Demonstration of the cycle in extracts of brain is complicated by the occurrence of side reactions, in particular those catalyzed by phosphomonoesterase, nucleoside phosphorylase, and guanase.
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PMID:Purine nucleotide cycle. Evidence for the occurrence of the cycle in brain. 0 96

Liver injury was investigated in the course of salmonellosis evoked by Salmonella agona in experimental infection of rabbits. Histological and biochemical examination (proteinogram, the level of bilirubin, fibrinogen, cholesterol and its esters in blood, activity of asparine and alanine aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase and guanase in blood) were carried out in 70 animals. Liver injury showing degeneration, steatosis and necrosis was found in the course of salmonellosis. Hepatitis gigantocellularis was sporadically observed. Biochemical parameters were not in correlation with the observed histological changes.
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PMID:Injury of liver in experimental salmonellosis of rabbits infected by salmonella agona. 42 97

Eight serum enzyme tests were performed over a three-year period in 1,147 cases of patients with suspected hepatobiliary disease, of whom 580 had identifiable primary disease of the liver or biliary system. Individually, aminotransferase assays did not provide good discrimination among the various categories of hepatobiliary disease, but when expressed as a ratio a useful degree of discrimination was obtained. Isocitrate dehydrogenase, guanase and glutamate dehydrogenase alone were poor discriminants of the various disease categories studied; combination of the latter enzyme with the aminotransferases in various ratios did not achieve worthwhile improvement. Adenosine deaminase was normal in most patients with extrahepatic obstruction and abnormal in most patients with parenchymal hepatic disease, and is potentially a useful test additional to the aminotransferases in routine diagnosis. 5'-Nucleotidase was more sensitive and specific than alkaline phosphatase in diagnosing hepatobiliary disorders. Abnormalities of all these enzymes were encountered in patients who did not have hepatobiliary disease, most frequently among subjects with cancer, diabetes mellitus, and diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
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PMID:Serum enzyme tests in diseases of the liver and biliary tree. 69 83

Elevated levels of serum enzymes are frequently associated not only with alcohol-related organ damage but also with excessive alcohol consumption and alcoholism without significant tissue injury. However, both in the early detection of alcoholism as well as also in the diagnosis of alcohol-related diseases the sensitivities and specificities of these enzyme markers vary considerably. They may be influenced by nonalcohol-related diseases, enzyme-inducing drugs, nutritional factors, metabolic disorders, age, smoking, etc. Consequently, we have neither a single laboratory test--enzyme marker--nor a test combination that is reliable enough for the exact diagnosis between alcohol- and nonalcohol-related organ damage. In most cases it is possible to determine the tissue from which the elevated enzyme is derived, but only occasionally enzyme changes reflect the quantity of the tissue injury. Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is the most widely used laboratory marker of alcoholism and heavy drinking, detecting 34-85% of problem drinkers and alcoholics. However, the unspecificity of increased serum GGT limits its use for general screening purposes. Its value in the follow-up of various treatment programs, however, is well established. An elevated level of serum aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) in an alcoholic or a heavy consumer indicates alcohol-induced organ damage. The use of test combinations significantly improves the information received with single serum enzyme determinations. An ASAT/ALAT ratio greater than 1.5 can be considered as highly suggestive for the alcoholic etiology of the liver injury. Still better discrimination between alcoholic and nonalcoholic origin of the liver disease may be achieved by the determination of the ratio of GGT to alkaline phosphatase. If this ratio exceeds 1.4 the specificity of the finding in favor for alcoholic liver injury is 78%. The determination of the mitochondrial isoenzyme of ASAT also improves the diagnostic value of ASAT determination. The ratio of mitochondrial isoenzyme to total over 4 is highly suggestive for alcohol-related liver injury. In general, however, the determination of serum activities of other enzymes such as ornithine carbamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, guanase, aldolase, alkaline phosphatase or glutathione S-transferase do not significantly improve the diagnostic information obtained with more conventional laboratory markers of liver injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Use of enzymes for the diagnosis of alcohol-related organ damage. 243 6

Studied was the enzyme constellation, resp., activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP), glutamate-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), aldolase (ALD), leucin-aminopeptidase (LAP), cholinesterase (CE), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT), and guanase (G) in a total of 360 clinically normal and lactating and dry cows of the Black-and-White and Simmental crossbreeds. Characteristic quantitative changes were found with GOT, GPT, ALD, LDH, and CPK both over the dry period and over the entire period of lactation. The activity of LAP, AP, OCT, and G was not influenced by the functional status of the animals. In the course of the analyses there were changes in the serum ALD, CE, and GOT, associated with the breed. The enzymes referred to were studied with a view to establishing their normal parameters needed for the practice as the base to demonstrate preclinical disturbances in individual organs and tissues of the cows during pregnancy and the puerperium.
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PMID:[Enzyme constellation in cows of the Simmental crossbreed and Black Pied breed during the dry period and lactation]. 367 21

The rat brains homogenized with different media (sucrose, ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide and urea) yielded different amounts of microsomal fractions. The dielectric constant, density and viscosity of the homogenization media did not correlate with the amount of microsomes separated by differential centrifugation. The homogenization media containing dimethyl sulfoxide were the most efficient for the isolation of rat brain microsomes. The increase in the yield was up to 4-fold when 50% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide was employed. Microsomes isolated in this manner were analogous to those obtained from isotonic sucrose solution, as was demonstrated by their chemical and enzymatic (5'-nucleotidase, adenosine deaminase, guanine deaminase, purine-nucleoside phosphorylase, lactate, malate and glutamate dehydrogenases, amine oxidase fumarate hydratase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, catalase and thiamine-diphosphatase) characterization.
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PMID:An improved method for the preparation of rat brain microsomes. 371 74

Studied was the dynamics of the changes taking place in the activity of a number of enzymes in the blood plasma (glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (AP), aldolase (ALD), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), guanase, and cholinesterase (CE). The calculation of the correlation coefficients and the regression lines revealed that GOT, GPT, LDH, ALD, and guanase raised their activity following treatment of the test animals up to a higher extent and at a higher rate. Lower rate changes were those in the activity of AP, leucinaminopeptidase, and CE. No changes whatever were found in the activity of CPK. On the basis of these results the diagnostic value is determined of both the individual enzymes and the enzyme constellation as a whole.
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PMID:[Changes in serum enzyme activity after the tetrachloromethane treatment of guinea pigs]. 716 46

THE COMPOSITION OF ISOLATED NUCLEI AND CELL PREPARATIONS FROM TISSUES OF CALF, BEEF, HORSE, AND FOWL WAS STUDIED WITH RESPECT TO THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS: 1. Liver and kidney arginase, catalase, and uricase; pancreatic lipase and amylase; cardiac muscle myoglobin; erythrocyte hemoglobin; intestinal alkaline phospharase. These are referred to as "special" components in view of their characteristically restricted distribution reflecting the differentiated nature of the tissues in question. 2. Esterase, beta-glucuronidase, alkaline and nucleotide phosphatases, adenosine deaminase, guanase, and nucleoside phosphorylase. These are enzymes of general distribution. The differences in nuclear composition noted with respect to the "special" components, together with the broad variability in nuclear activity found for enzymes of general distribution, led to the conclusion that nuclei are differentiated structures. The following distribution was observed: 1. "Special" components: Hemoglobin was found to be present in fowl and goose erythrocyte nuclei, but myoglobin was entirely absent from heart muscle nuclei; of the special enzymes listed, only catalase and arginase appeared to be concentrated in some of the nuclei. There was no significant nuclear concentration of lipase, amylase, uricase, or alkaline phosphatase. No simple relationship was found between the concentration of a special enzyme in a tissue and its activity in the corresponding nuclei. For example, arginase activity, which is high in mammalian liver and in fowl kidney, was found in liver, not kidney, nuclei. Similarly, catalase activity was demonstrated only in mammalian liver nuclei, although, in mammals, both liver and kidney are rich sources of this enzyme. 2. Enzymes of general distribution fell into three classes: (a) Those present in low concentrations, if at all, in the nuclei-alkaline phosphatase, the nucleotide phosphatases) and beta-glucuronidase. (b) Those present in nuclei in varying concentrations-esterase. (c) Those present in high proportions in most nuclei-adenosine deaminase, nucleoside phosphorylase, and guanase. The exceptionally low nuclear activity of intestinal mucosa with respect to these enzymes was discussed in relation to physiological considerations. The response of nuclei to changes in physiological state was demonstrated by experiments on starvation. The outstanding aspect of this response was a change in nuclear enzymatic activity opposing that observed in the cytoplasm. A comparison of fetal and adult mucosa cells led to the following tentative interpretation of the observed intracellular enzyme distribution: In cells tending to moribundity, as in those subjected to starvation, relative nuclear enzymatic activity falls. The occurrence of special enzymes in nuclei was considered in terms of differentiation, and the high nuclear concentration of the nucleoside-specific enzymes was interpreted in terms of general nuclear metabolic activity.
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PMID:Some enzymes of isolated nuclei. 1489 35