Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sixteen clinically normal, healthy ponies were randomly assigned to 4 groups and given aflatoxin B1 in doses of 0.045, 0.030, 0.015, and 0 (control) mg/kg of body weight per day for 21 days (or total doses of 0.945, 0.630, 0.315, and 0 mg/kg). The animals were allowed to recover for 3 months and then were reassigned to 4 treatment groups such that each group during the 2nd trial included a pony from each of the groups of the 1st trial. The animals in the new groups were intubated and were given aflatoxin in doses of 0.4, 0.2, 0.1, and 0 (control) mg/kg/day for 5 days ( or total doses of 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, and 0 mg/kg). Venous blood samples were drawn every other day to monitor for toxicosis; examinations were made for RBC and WBC counts, hemoglobin concentration, PCV, serum urea nitrogen, prothrombin time, and serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, iditol dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and arginase. There were no significant differences between treatment groups and controls (given no aflatoxin) in the toxicologic values examined for during the 1st trial. During the 2nd experiment, 2 of the ponies in the large-dose treatment gorup (2.0 mg/kg) demonstrated increased serum enzyme activities. These animals had been in the large-dose (0.945 mg/kg) and median-dose (0.63 mg/kg) groups during the 1st trial. Arginase, iditol dehydrogenase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities became increased on the 4th day of treatment and continued to increase until the 6th day of the experiment (1 day after treatment was terminated). These enzymes approached control group values at 10 days after cessation of treatment. These increases were indicative of hepatocellular toxicity. It was concluded that the possibility of equine aflatoxicosis exists although ponies given high quality rations appear to be less susceptible than some other species. Prior exposure to aflatoxins may predispose to clinical toxicity on subsequent exposure, despite lack of expression of clinical signs.
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PMID:Effects of aflatoxins in young ponies. 612 12

Six-month-old calves were inoculated with 200 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica over a 72 day period. Their aspartic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, arginase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) values were measured at two-week intervals. Infections with a final fluke count of 19 to 87 flukes did not result in an increase of serum alkaline phosphatase or arginase compared with those in control calves. Serum aspartic transaminase values were increased significantly (P less than 0.025) above those of controls but were not increased over reference values. Seemingly, measurement of these enzymes would not be useful in assessing the degree of fluke infestation. In contrast, serum values of GGT increased 56 days after preliminary inoculation and remained high for at least 83 days after infection. The initial rise coincided with the penetration of bile ducts by migrating flukes. This relationship may be useful in further studies of fluke-induced biliary damage.
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PMID:Serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity in cattle with induced fascioliasis. 615 May 30

Adult female dogs or pony mares were subjected to a nonlethal dose of CCl4 (0.5 ml/kg of body weight). Amounts of several plasma enzymes thought to be indicative of hepatic disease were monitored. Plasma enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), arginase, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and iditol dehydrogenase (ID), as well as total plasma bilirubin, were determined in these animals before and after the administration of the CCl4. In the dog, GGT was not significantly increased, whereas ALP values were increased during days 1 to 6. In the pony, GGT was significantly increased during the entire course of the study, whereas ALP exhibited only small, transient (though significant) increases. Responses of ID, AST, and ALP were unremarkable when compared between the pony and the dog. Total bilirubin was significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) increased from days 1 to 4 (pony) or days 5 to 8 (dog) after the CCl4 dose, but subsequently returned to or decreased below base-line values. Animals did not have evidence of icterus at any time. Seemingly, the dog and the pony are distinct clinical entities, and only the appropriate laboratory tests for each species should be used to provide information for the clinicopathologic evaluation of hepatic disease.
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PMID:Variations of plasma enzymes in the pony and the dog after carbon tetrachloride administration. 733 28

Changes in oxidative metabolism were studied in hepatopancreas, muscle, and hemolymph of the edible crab Scylla serrata, exposed to a sublethal concentration (2.5 ppm) of cadmium chloride. A significant decrease in glycogen, total carbohydrates, and pyruvate and an increase in lactate levels in hepatopancreas and muscle were observed. Hemolymph sugar levels were increased in experimental crabs. An increase in phosphorylase suggested increased glycogenolysis during cadmium toxicity. The decrease in lactate dehydrogenase activity and the increase in lactate content indicated reduced mobilization of pyruvate into the citric acid cycle. Krebs cycle enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase were found to be decreased, suggesting impairment of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as a consequence of cadmium toxicity. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was increased, suggesting enhanced oxidation of glucose by the HMP pathway. Cytochrome-c oxidase and Mg2+ ATPase activity levels decreased, indicating impaired energy synthesis during cadmium stress. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities increased, suggesting enhanced breakdown of phosphates to release energy in view of impaired ATPase system during cadmium exposure. A significant decrease in protein and free amino acid and an increase in ammonia, urea, and glutamine levels were observed in the tissues during exposure. An increase in protease, alanine aminotransaminase, and aspartate aminotransaminase suggested increased proteolysis and transamination of amino acids. The increase in glutamate dehydrogenase, AMP deaminase, and adenosine deaminase indicated increased ammonia production. The increased arginase and glutamine synthetase suggested the detoxification or mobilization of ammonia toward the production of urea and glutamine. These results suggest that cadmium affects oxidative metabolism and induces hyperammonemia, and crabs switch over their metabolic profiles toward compensatory mechanisms for the survivability in cadmium-polluted habitats.
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PMID:Changes in oxidative metabolism in selected tissues of the crab (Scylla serrata) in response to cadmium toxicity. 753 86

Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme and F. proliferatum, induces liver damage and pulmonary edema in swine. We examined the temporal and dose-response features of FB1 toxicosis in male weanling crossbred pigs fed nutritionally balanced diets, containing corn screenings naturally contaminated with fumonisins, for 14 days. Total fumonisins (FB1 and FB2) in diets 1 through 6 were assayed at 175, 101, 39, 23, 5, and < 1 ppm (below detectable concentrations), respectively. Clinical signs, serum biochemical alterations, and morphologic changes were evaluated. Pigs were weighed, and bled for hematologic and clinical chemistry evaluation on days 5 and 14. They were euthanized on day 14, or earlier if respiratory distress was observed. Respiratory distress developed in 3/5 pigs fed diet 1 between days 4 and 6 due to severe pulmonary edema and pleural effusion. Histologic evidence of hepatic injury was present in all pigs fed diets 1 and 2, 3/5 on diet 3, and 1/5 on diet 4. Serum bilirubin and cholesterol concentrations, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and arginase (ARG) activities were elevated in pigs fed diets 1 and 2. Based on liver histopathology, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for fumonisin toxicity in swine was < 23 ppm total fumosins for the 14-day period. Based on regression analyses of the clinical chemistry profiles at 14 days, the NOAEL was < 12 ppm, with ALP being the most sensitive parameter. In conclusion, pulmonary edema occurred only at the highest fumonisin concentration (175 ppm), while liver damage occurred at much lower concentrations with a NOAEL of < 12 ppm.
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PMID:Temporal and dose-response features in swine fed corn screenings contaminated with fumonisin mycotoxins. 805 90

Remarkable differences in the levels of alkaline phosphatase and arginase were found in colorectal cell lines tested. In HT-29 cells, which are extremely sensitive to the induction of cell differentiation, very low levels of arginase were detected. On the other hand, high levels of arginase were present in cell lines derived from highly malignant tumours. Both findings support a prognostic significance of arginase activity in colorectal carcinomas.
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PMID:Differences of alkaline phosphatase and arginase activities in human colorectal carcinoma cell lines. 933 15

In the present study the level of enzyme hydrolases (alkaline phosphatase, myeloperoxidase, elastase, arginase, lysozyme and beta-galactosidase) of polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) granules in different ruminant species and their release in response to activation was studied. Buffalo PMN alkaline phosphatase activity was higher (P < 0.01) than in PMNs of cattle and goats. Interestingly, myeloperoxidase was higher in cattle PMNs and least in goat PMNs (P < 0.01), a similar pattern was observed in the distribution of enzyme arginase. As far as lysozyme is concerned, its activity was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in PMNs of buffaloes than in the case of cattle and goat PMNs. On activation, these cells released MPO and elastase, in all the species studied, while lysozyme was secreted only in buffalo PMN cells. Activity of certain enzymes related to oxidant defence systems such as glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were higher in cattle and goats compared to that in buffaloes. These observations are likely to have bearing on immunodefense roles played by PMNs and reflected differences among the ruminant species studied.
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PMID:A comparative study on certain enzymes of the granulocyte from different ruminant species. 977 61

The relation of excessive doses of vitamin A with various kidney pathologies is well known however, information concerning the relation of kidney enzyme activity with acute hypervitaminosis A is rather scarce. In this study we describe the kidney enzymatic alterations observed in rats that received daily intramuscular injections of 10,000, 30,000, 50,000 and 100,000 IU of vitamin A palmitate (VA) during seven days (TREATED GROUPS). A comparison is made with the enzyme activity in healthy rats pair-fed and treated with sodium palmitate by intramuscular injection (CONTROL GROUP). The treated rats showed a proportional increase (p < 0.05) in activity of acid maltase, transminases or aminotransferases (GOT and GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid protease with all doses of VA administered. Amylase, lipase and arginase tend to decrease (p < 0.05) in activity only with doses of 50,000 and 100,000 I.U. of VA. Several factors are responsible for these findings, such as kidney necrosis due to release of lysosomal acid hydrolases produced by hypervitaminosis A.
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PMID:Alterations in kidney enzyme pattern in acute hypervitaminosis A. 983 Apr 87

Cross-bred, anesthetized female swine were given intravascularly a lethal (72 microg/kg; n = 6) or toxic-sublethal (25 microg/kg; n = 6) dose of microcystin-LR (MCLR), from Microcystis aeruginosa, or the vehicle (n = 4). At the high dose, from 12 to 18 min after administration, central venous pressure and hepatic perfusion were significantly lower, and shortly thereafter, portal venous pressure was significantly higher and aortic mean pressure was significantly lower than controls. By 45 min postdosing, serum bile acids, lactate, potassium, and total bilirubin, as well as blood pO2, were significantly higher, while hematocrit, platelet count, and blood bicarbonate, pCO2, and base excess were significantly lower than controls. By 90 min, serum arginase, urea nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus, and creatinine were significantly higher, while glucose and blood pH were significantly lower than in controls. By 150 min, serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine phosphokinase activities were significantly higher than controls. At the low dose, significant differences from controls occurred in hemodynamic, organ perfusion, and serum chemistry parameters, but such changes generally took longer to occur and were of a lesser magnitude than at the high dose. Livers of the high-dose swine were swollen and dark red-purple, and exuded excessive blood on the cut surface. Based on increases in liver weight and liver hemoglobin, 38% of the total blood volume was lost into the liver. Terminally, all high-dose swine experienced hyperkalemia, and most had severe hypoglycemia. Death due to acute MCLR toxicosis in intravascularly dosed swine appears to result from severe intrahepatic hemorrhage, partial obstruction of blood flow through the liver, circulatory shock, severe hypoglycemia, and/or terminal hyperkalemia.
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PMID:Microcystin-LR decreases hepatic and renal perfusion, and causes circulatory shock, severe hypoglycemia, and terminal hyperkalemia in intravascularly dosed swine. 1107 21

Inorganic sulfites are chemical compounds with antioxidative, antibacterial and antimycotic properties diffusely employed in agro-food and pharmaceutical industries. In spite of their continuous use there still are many questions regarding their safety, and their possible influence in several nutrients and enzymatic systems, as according to reports in the literature cited. In this study it is determined the effect of increasing doses of sodium bisulphite, 10 to 50 mg/kg/day, injected intramuscularly during seven days on the activity of the following serum enzymes: phosphohexoseisomerase (PHI), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT), cholinesterase (CHE), arginase, acid maltase (AM), alkaline phosphatase (AIP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), transaminases (GOT and GPT) and 5'-nucleotidase (5'-N) on male Wistar rats (treated groups). The results indicate that in rats treated with sodium bisulphite there is a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the activity of PHI, gamma-GT, arginase, AIP, GOT, GPT and 5'-N as well as an equally significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the activity of LDH, AM and CHE; these variations are proportional to the doses of the compound applied. These findings indicate there is cellular damage to rat liver, kidney or others organs as a result of bisulphite injected or by its metabolic derivatives. It is suggested that measurements of serum levels of LDH, AM and CHE are particularly helpful in the clinical assessment of pathologies caused by sulfites in allergology.
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PMID:[Changes in serum enzymes in rats treated with sodium bisulfite]. 1146 Jul 97


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