Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors propose here the second part of the review concerning the plasma macroenzymes. Informations are given about the high-molecular mass forms of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aminotransferase, acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase. For almost all these enzymes, the presence of enzyme-immunoglobulins complexes may be observed in some plasma, but a specific immune character of these complexes has not always been proved. The membrane origin of GGT, AAP and ALP is responsible for the existence of special circulating macroforms: enzyme-lipoproteins associations due to the amphiphilic nature of some forms of these enzymes, and complexes between enzymes and membrane components. Although the knowledge about the structure of all these macroenzymes is increasing, the clinical interest to consider their existence because of the diagnostic uncertainties they may induce.
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PMID:[Macroenzymes in human plasma. 2. Macrogamma-glutamyltransferase, macroalanine aminopeptidase, macroalkaline phosphatase, macroaminotransferases and other macroenzymes]. 288 11

The urinary enzymes alanine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.2), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30), and ribonuclease (EC 3.1.4.22) were measured in 66 healthy persons and 52 patients suffering from chronic renal diseases (pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis). The residual renal function of patients characterized by 99mTc-diethylenetriaminopentaacetate isotope clearance was only moderately reduced. Except for gamma-glutamyltransferase, patients generally showed increased urinary enzyme excretions. N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase was more sensitive to detect renal dysfunction than the other enzymes and the conventional parameters serum creatinine, total protein excretion, and the measurement of glomerular filtration rate. The determination of this enzyme can be recommended as a suitable diagnostic parameter in nephrology.
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PMID:Diagnostic significance of different urinary enzymes in patients suffering from chronic renal diseases. 289 Apr 51

A number of recent studies of long-term kidney donors have reviewed glomerular function and blood pressure. Little attention has been paid to the potentially damaging effects of compensatory hyperfiltration on renal tubular cells after donor nephrectomy. The urinary excretion of high-molecular-weight enzymes is a sensitive indicator of renal tubular cell damage. This study compares the urinary excretion of four enzymes (alanine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and lactate dehydrogenase) in a group of 77 subjects who had undergone unilateral nephrectomy up to 21 years previously with 52 healthy non-nephrectomized controls. The urinary excretion for all four enzymes by the remaining kidney after contralateral nephrectomy in the kidney donors was significantly greater than the enzyme excretion per single kidney in the control group (p less than 0.001). No correlation was found between the degree of enzymuria and either glomerular filtration rate or time since nephrectomy. The elevated activity of urinary enzymes in kidney donors may be related to increased metabolism by the renal tubular cells after contralateral nephrectomy. This study suggests that long-term compensatory hyperfiltration does not damage tubular cells, at least over this time scale.
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PMID:Urinary enzyme excretion after donor nephrectomy. 231 35

We examined the stability of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30), alanine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.2), and lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) in urine prepared by gel filtration and supplemented with albumin, or ethylene glycol, or ethylene glycol plus albumin during storage at -20 degrees C for a period of 12 months. The stability was assessed by linear regression analysis of monthly values versus time. All enzymes except for gamma-glutamyltransferase could be considered stable for about one year in all three control materials provided that maximum change of 10% of the starting enzyme activity is accepted as tolerable. If ethylene glycol is used as stabilizer, its suitability must be tested and its inhibitory effect on enzyme activities must be taken into account in intermethod comparisons, because in some methods, it may be removed in a pretreatment step.
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PMID:Quality control material for activity determinations of urinary enzymes. 289 58

We measured the excretion rates of six urinary enzymes that either originate from the proximal renal tubule, like alanine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.2), and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30), or that are typical low-molecular-mass proteins, like lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) and pancreatic ribonuclease (EC 3.1.27.5). These rates were compared with those of total protein and albumin in urine of 36 insulin-dependent diabetic men and 30 healthy men. Seventeen of the diabetics had "clinical proteinuria," defined as excretion of more than 7.5 g of protein per mole of urinary creatinine (group B). Group A comprised the 19 diabetics without proteinuria. Except for gamma-glutamyltransferase, the excretions of enzymes and proteins were significantly higher in diabetics than in controls and were greater in group B than in group A. N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase was the analyte most often increased in group A (89%), followed by albumin and alkaline phosphatase (each 32%). All patients in group B showed increased excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. We conclude from the comparative data that this enzyme may be useful as an early predictor of diabetic nephropathy.
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PMID:Urinary enzymes and low-molecular-mass proteins as indicators of diabetic nephropathy. 289 6

The behaviour of several enzymes is described of the fetal chick duodenum in tissue culture in a defined medium free of serum and hormones. During culture the activity of sucrase, maltase, alanine aminopeptidase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase is raised in tissue explants, whereas the activity of other enzymes (dipeptidyl peptidase IV, leucine amino-peptidase, alkaline phosphatase) remains constant. After culture, depending on the enzyme, a varying amount of activity is found in the medium, a part of which can be sedimented by ultracentrifugation. Sucrase is subject to the strongest increase in activity during culture and thus should represent a sensitive marker for investigating maturation processes in the fetal intestine and their disturbances.
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PMID:Behaviour of several enzymes of fetal chick intestine in tissue culture. 290 97

In a prospective study we examined and confirmed the suitability of urinary enzyme determinations for the diagnosis and control of kidney injuries. Overall, 186 patients were included in the study. 68 patients had blunt lumbar, thoracic and abdominal traumata. Renal operations (n = 14), in particular nephropexy, served as clinical model. Moreover, analyses were performed in 15 polytraumatized patients, 20 patients with fractures of the extremities, 10 patients with thermic injuries, 10 operations on the intervertebral disks, 35 abdominal operations, 1 extirpation of brain tumour, 2 meniscectomies and 11 patients with renal diseases without surgical intervention. We determined the catalytic activities of alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the gel-filtered spontaneous urine. The urinary enzyme activities were related to the symptoms, laboratory findings and other parameters. With high sensitivity and without depending on the occurrence and duration of a haematuria the urine enzymes reacted to a traumatic damage to the renal parenchyma by an increased efflux of enzymes. The amount of information from intravenous urography was small. However, there was considerable agreement between nuclear medical findings (isotope nephrography and renal sequence scintigraphy) and enzymuria registered. The methods of investigation complement each other and should be employed in combination. A wide use of urinary enzyme diagnosis to identify mild and moderate renal injuries can be recommended.
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PMID:[Relevance of urinary enzyme determination for the diagnosis and follow-up of kidney injuries and secondary kidney damage--results of a prospective study]. 290 34

In the thymus of normally fed pregnant rats the plasma membrane enzymes dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) and alkaline phosphatase (alP) were found in cortical and medullary lymphocytes (thymocytes). Plasma membrane aminopeptidase A (APA) and adenosine monophosphate hydrolysing phosphatase (AMPP) were present in cortical reticular cells. In medullary reticular cells, aminopeptidase M (APM), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), adenosine triphosphate (ATPP) and thiamine pyrophosphate (TPPP) cleaving phosphatases were detected. Medullary reticular cells did not contain APA. Lysosomal DPP I and II, acid phosphatase, acid beta-D-galactosidase, beta-D-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, beta-D-glucuronidase and non-specific esterases occurred especially in macrophages at the corticomedullary junction. The 21-day-old fetal thymus showed a similar reaction pattern as the maternal organ except for APA which was absent before birth. After treatment of the pregnant rats with valproic acid (VPA), salicylic acid (SA), streptozotocin (ST) and retinoic acid (RA) APA showed an increase in activity in the thymic cortex. In addition, ST and RA induced AMPP, ATPP and TPPP activity in cortical reticular cells up to the same pattern as in medullary reticular cells. After ethanol (ET) administration severe damages occurred. The thymic cortex was free of DPP IV-positive lymphocytes; the medullary reticular cells showed reduced or no GGT and occasionally an increased APM activity. Dexamethasone (DEXA) given to normal or zinc-deficient rats produced the most severe lesions; thymocytes with DPP IV activity were completely absent in the cortex and medulla. In Zn-deficient pregnant rats similar alterations were observed as after ET.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Enzymatic and morphological response of the thymus to drugs in normal and zinc-deficient pregnant rats and their fetuses. 295 24

The human colon cancer line Caco-2 exhibits after confluency a concomitant increase of glycogen accumulation and an enterocytic differentiation. The purpose of this work was to investigate whether forskolin (FK), an activator of adenylate cyclase, would induce a permanent glycogenolysis and, if so, whether it would result in modifications of the differentiation pattern of the cells. FK activates adenylate cyclase in Caco-2 cells with an ED50 of 7 X 10(-6)M. Three different treatment protocols with FK (10(-5)M) were applied: 1) the cells were treated during all the time in culture (20 days); 2) the treatment was started after confluency; 3) the treatment was interrupted after confluency. The presence of FK results in a permanent stimulation of cAMP accumulation (10 to 20 fold the basal values) and in a permanently reduced glycogen content (30 or 50% of the control values). The rates of glucose consumption are increased three and five fold in protocols 1 and 3 respectively. These metabolic changes are associated with morphological changes (tightening of the intercellular spaces and shortening of the brush border microvilli) and with a dual inhibition of the activities of brush border hydrolases: a) an inhibition of the post-confluent increase of activity of sucrase, aminopeptidase N and alkaline phosphatase in the brush border enriched fraction; b) an inhibition of the post-confluent increase of activity of sucrase in the cell homogenate. A comparison of the results obtained in each protocol shows that the morphological modifications and the decrease of the enzyme activities in the brush border fraction are regularly associated with an increased cAMP accumulation, whereas the inhibition of the differentiation of sucrase is a direct consequence of the increase in glucose consumption and decrease in glycogen stores.
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PMID:Enterocytic differentiation and glucose utilization in the human colon tumor cell line Caco-2: modulation by forskolin. 298 31

Twelve serum analytes [triglycerides, cholesterol, total and conjugated bilirubin, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), alkaline phosphatase (AP), gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), beta-glucuronidase (beta-glu), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), and 5'-nucleotidase (5'nuc)] were measured to investigate their correlation with exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT). The relationship between serum lipids, lipophilic toxicants, and the analytes was also evaluated. The beta-glu, 5'nuc, triglycerides, cholesterol, and total bilirubin correlated positively and significantly with log concentrations of serum total PCBs and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), a metabolite of DDT. The more highly chlorinated PCBs (Aroclor 1260) had significant, positive correlations with several serum analytes, but the less chlorinated PCBs (Aroclor 1242) correlated significantly and negatively only with HDL-cholesterol. Triglyceride- and cholesterol-rich lipoproteins were added to serum to determine the effects of lipids on these assays. Several were spuriously elevated. AP and beta-glu were not affected by lipoprotein addition with the methods used in this study. AAP was increased significantly only at triglyceride concentrations exceeding 400 mg/dl. Lipoproteins may be elevated because of deranged lipid metabolism in response to PCBs, or PCBs may be elevated because elevated lipoproteins are present, as in familial triglyceridemia, a relatively common dyslipoproteinemia. Because this relationship is not well understood with respect to cause and effect, we propose the further use in epidemiological investigations of assay methods that are little affected by blood lipids yet are correlated with PCB concentrations. Congener-specific quantification of PCBs would help elucidate the effects of PCBs on assays used to monitor health effects.
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PMID:Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and lipemia on serum analytes. 302 64


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