Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several enzymes were investigated histochemically in the colons of normal male F344 rats in order to understand the function of different types of cells in this tissue. Serial methacrylate-embedded sections (2-4 microns) allowed the precise localizations of several enzymes including acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (hexosaminidase), alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase and 5'-nucleotidase. Sites reactive with periodic acid-Schiff were also localized. Gradients of enzyme activity were observed between caecum and rectum and/or from the luminal surfaces to the bases of the crypts for hexosaminidase, esterase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. To our knowledge this is the first histochemical demonstration of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in normal rat colonic epithelial cells. The utilization of the methacrylate-embedding technique has revealed previously undescribed gradients of enzyme activity and has allowed the localization of enzyme activities not previously reported in normal rat colonic mucosa.
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PMID:In situ localization of enzymes and mucin in normal rat colon embedded in plastic. 247 20

Ultrastructural, enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical studies were performed on tissue obtained from eight cases of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) and five cases of sacral decubitus ulcer. The MFH was composed of two major tumour cell types: fibroblast-like and histiocyte-like cells. Both cell types demonstrated abundant branching, fragmented rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), many free ribosomes, occasional small mitochondria, an oval, elliptical or irregularly shaped nucleus with one or two prominent nucleoli and often a few dense bodies. However, pseudopodial projections, multivesicular bodies and phagosomes, common histiocyte organelles, were not seen. With little difference between cases or selection sites, the MFH cells reacted to acid phosphatase (AcP) and alpha-naphtyl butyrate esterase (ANBE) by enzyme histochemistry and with ferritin (Fer), alpha 1-antitrypsin (AT), alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), fibronectin (FN), HLA-DR, HLA-DP, Leu 10 and OKT 9 in immunohistochemical studies. MFH tumour cells did not immunostain with monocyte/macrophage markers (Leu M1, Leu M3, Mo 1, Mo 2 and Macrophage) although non-neoplastic histiocytes did react to these markers. In addition, granulation tissue, such as that found in sacral decubitus ulcers, was examined and the existence of a specific cell type called the "fibrohistiocytoid (FH) cell" was documented. The FH cell was short, spindle shaped and elliptical. Ultrastructurally, it had fragmented rER distributed in a branching pattern, dispersed free ribosomes, small mitochondria and a few dense bodies, but lacked diverse fused lysosomes and distinct pseudopodial cytoplasmic extensions. The FH cells reacted with AcP, alkaline phosphatase and ANBE but not with peroxidase using enzyme histochemistry and with Fer, AT, ACT, FN, HLA-DR, HLA-DP, Leu 10 and OKT 9 but not with monocyte/macrophage markers, C3d receptor, C3bi receptor in immunohistochemical studies. The FH cells had morphological, enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics intermediate between fibroblasts and histiocytes. Similarities between MFH cells and the FH cells seen in chronic inflammation are discussed.
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PMID:Malignant fibrous histiocytoma: similarities to the "fibrohistiocytoid cells" in chronic inflammation. 254 May 88

Interest in the role of mononuclear phagocytes in glomerulonephritis (GN) and in defining markers of renal neoplasms led the authors to study alpha-naphthyl acetate/butyrate esterase (ANAE/ANBE), alkaline phosphatase (AlkP), acid phosphatase (AcP), 5'-nucleotidase (5'N), and ATPase (ATP) activity in paraformaldehyde-fixed, plastic-embedded renal tissue from patients with a variety of pathologic conditions. These conditions included GN, renal tumors, and transplant rejection. Enzymatic staining for ANAE, ANBE, AcP, AlkP, and ATP was generally confined to tubules and collecting ducts in normal kidney. Nine of 10 cases of renal carcinoma had weakly to strongly positive reactions with AlkP, AcP, and ANAE; 9 of 10 cases of Wilms' tumor showed weakly positive reactions with AcP and ANAE, particularly in tubular structures. Severely damaged kidney allografts showed surprising retention of normal histochemical features. In all cases 5'N stained both glomerular capillaries and interstitial vasculature; ATPase and AlkP stained interstitial vessels only. Plastic embedding provides superb preservation of both microscopic anatomy and enzymatic activity, which may allow utilization of enzyme histochemistry for diagnostic and research purposes.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemistry in plastic-embedded sections of normal and diseased kidneys. 258 40

F344 Male rats weighting between 90 and 110 gm were given 90 ppm diethylnitrosamine in their drinking water for 5 weeks. Seven weeks after the administration of carcinogen was completed, the rats were sacrificed and sections of their livers were embedded in methacrylate. Serial sections 2 or 4 micron in thickness demonstrated the presence of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, acid phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, DT diaphorase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 5'-nucleotidase activity and glycogen. The use of 4-micron sections of methacrylate-embedded tissue allows the evaluation of many more phenotypic markers in serial sections than is currently possible with frozen sections.
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PMID:Examination of enzyme-altered foci with gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and other markers in methacrylate-embedded liver. 287 68

Two-micrometer sections of methacrylate-embedded kidney were used to investigate the enzymatic activities of mouse kidney where the proximal tubule and Bowman's capsule from the same corpuscle were viewed in the same section. Alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, leucine aminopeptidase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, and adenosine triphosphatase activities were observed in the proximal tubule, but only 5'-nucleotidase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, and alkaline phosphatase were observed in the squamous portion of the parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule. The use of methacrylate-embedded tissue allowed more precise localization of enzymatic activity than is possible with most frozen sections. This may provide interesting applications not only for characterization of kidney diseases but also for characterization of other normal and abnormal tissues.
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PMID:Enzymatic histochemistry of mouse kidney in plastic. 288 Aug 90

The nasal passages are anatomically complex, and while there have been a number of descriptions of nasal structure in many species, there is very little information available on the distribution of enzymes in the nasal mucosa. In rodents, this delicate mucosa is the first site within the respiratory tract to be exposed during inhalation toxicology studies designed to assess human risks from such exposures. However, the nasal mucosa presents problems for histologic preparation because it is encased in brittle bones. Because of recent interest in the nose as a target site, and findings from biochemical studies which indicate that the nose is very active metabolically, studies were carried out to determine the value of cold glycol methacrylate (GMA) processing for localization of nasal enzymes. For these studies, liver and kidney were used as positive controls. Published histochemical procedures for acid and alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and naphthyl butyrate esterase were applied, with modifications, to undecalcified nasal passages of Fisher-344 rats. Frozen sections exhibited excellent enzyme preservation but very poor morphology, while GMA gave good enzyme preservation and excellent morphology. For GMA, acetone fixation generally resulted in the best preservation of enzyme activity. It was concluded that cold GMA processing provides a useful approach to studies of nasal enzyme distribution and that this technique of value for inhalation toxicology studies. Details of enzyme distribution in the squamous, respiratory, and olfactory epithelia, associated glands, and other structures of the nose of the rat are described and discussed.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemistry of the rat nasal mucosa embedded in cold glycol methacrylate. 288 3

The adherent cell layer of bone marrow from healthy cats was characterized in vitro, and the mean fibroblast colony-forming unit (CFU-F) was determined. The majority (82%) of the cells in the adherent cell layer were spindle-shaped fibroblastic cells. These cells were weakly positive for acid phosphatase activity and negative for alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase and alkaline phosphatase activities. They did not phagocytose latex beads. The remaining cells (18%) in the adherent cell layer resembled macrophages. They were strongly positive for acid phosphatase and alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase activities, and they phagocytosed latex beads. The mean CFU-F per 10(6) mononuclear cells in bone marrow from healthy kittens and adult cats was 62 and 65, respectively. The CFU-F assay was linear over a range of 0.25 to 1.25 x 10(6) bone marrow mononuclear cells cultured. Variation in the feline CFU-F assay was similar to that reported for the human CFU-F assay. Bone marrow collections repeated at 1-month intervals (from the same bone) did not affect CFU-F concentration. A difference was not observed between CFU-F cultured from the feline humerus or femur. Bone marrow adherent cells in cats resembled those described for other species. Results of the feline CFU-F assay were consistent and repeatable and were similar to those reported for other species.
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PMID:Characterization of fibroblast colony-forming units in bone marrow from healthy cats. 296 1

A megakaryoblastic cell line, designated MEG-01, was established from the bone marrow of a patient with blast crisis of Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia. MEG-01 cells grew in single-cell suspension with a doubling time of 36 to 48 hours. Under the usual culture conditions, approximately half of the cells adhered to the culture flask with extention of pseudopods. MEG-01 cells were positive for the periodic acid-Schiff reaction, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, and acid phosphatase, and negative for myeloperoxidase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase, and alkaline phosphatase. Ultrastructural platelet peroxidase was positive in MEG-01 cells. Cytoplasmic factor VIII (FVIII)-related antigen was weakly positive in larger MEG-01 cells by both an indirect immunofluorescent technique with monoclonal antibodies and a direct immunoperoxidase technique using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated conventional rabbit anti-human FVIII antibody. Platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antigen was uniformly demonstrated on the surface of MEG-01 cells by both indirect immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase techniques using antiplatelet GP IIb/IIIa monoclonal antibodies; platelet GP lb antigen was demonstrated only in the cytoplasm of larger MEG-01 cells. MEG-01 cells possessed no markers for B or T lymphocytes or for myeloid cells. Chromosome analysis of this cell line revealed a human male hyperdiploid karyotype with a modal chromosome number of 56 to 58. The Ph1 chromosome was observed in all karyotypes analyzed. This novel human megakaryoblastic cell line may provide a useful model for the study of human megakaryopoiesis and of the biosynthetic mechanisms of proteins unique to megakaryocytic lineage.
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PMID:Establishment of a novel human megakaryoblastic leukemia cell line, MEG-01, with positive Philadelphia chromosome. 299 11

The malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFHs) are a histologically heterogeneous group of sarcomas that have been postulated to be derived from, or have the capacity to differentiate into, histiocytes. To determine whether MFH tumor cells actually express the features of histiocytes, i.e., bone marrow-derived cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage, we studied the antigenic and enzymatic phenotype of 13 MFHs in situ using frozen and plastic sections, respectively. Five pleomorphic three fibrous, two myxoid, two giant cell, and one histiocytic MFH were studied. While tumor cells in 12 of 13 cases were positive for HLA-A,B,C, tumor cells in all cases failed to express antigens present on bone marrow-derived macrophages, i.e., leukocyte common antigen (L3B12), HLA-DR, Leu-M3, and Leu-3a. Interestingly 8 of 13 cases were positive for CALLA. Although nonspecific, this may prove useful in differential diagnosis. Enzyme histochemistry demonstrated that tumor cells in 9 of 13 cases were positive for membrane 5' nucleotidase (5'N+). Four of these were also alkaline phosphatase positive (ALKP+). All cases were either negative or weakly positive for acid phosphatase (ACIDP) and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE). Tumor cells were unreactive for alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase (ANBE) and adenosine triphosphatase (ATP). These findings indicate that MFH tumor cells do not express the enzymatic profile of cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage which are membrane 5'N-/ALKP- and ACIDP+/ANAE+/ANBE+/ membrane ATP+. In fact, these data suggest a similarity to fibroblasts which are membrane 5'N+, variably ALKP+, weakly ACIDP+/ANAE+, and ANBE-/membrane ATP-. Osteoclast-like giant cells present in two cases did express a histiocytic phenotype, suggesting that they are reactive elements not derived from admixed tumor cells. These results suggest that MFHs are primitive mesenchymal neoplasms, most likely sarcomas composed of poorly differentiated fibroblasts, and are unrelated to true histiocytic neoplasms.
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PMID:Malignant fibrous histiocytoma tumor cells resemble fibroblasts. 301 Jul 48

Current renal cell culture techniques are limited by either a low yield of cells or by heterogeneity of cell types. We have used monoclonal antibodies to microvillus membrane proteins to isolate and culture a pure population of proximal tubule cells. The cells were characterized as proximal tubule cells by phase microscopy, enzyme histochemistry for alkaline phosphatase, butyrate esterase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase, electron microscopy, and specific reactivity with a variety of monoclonal antibodies for proximal tubule cells. Growth over 2-7 days yielded cell numbers up to 1,000-fold greater than obtained by single tubule microdissection. Dome formation was observed, suggesting intact fluid transport. In addition, Na+-H+ exchange and Na+-dependent D-hexose transport, known transport processes of the proximal tubule, were demonstrated by microfluorimetry of single cells and methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside uptake, respectively. Our results indicate that large numbers of homogeneous, cultured rat proximal tubule cells that maintain characteristics of in vivo proximal tubule cells can be obtained using a monoclonal antibody technique of isolation.
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PMID:Use of monoclonal antibodies to culture rat proximal tubule cells. 302 94


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