Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nutritional assessments are frequently based on amounts of nutrients consumed. In the present paper the usefulness of nutrient intake data for assessing nutrient adequacy is examined in an elderly British population. Subjects were "free-living' elderly aged 68-90 years (sixty men, eighty-five women) in Norwich. Forty-two of forty-nine surviving males and sixty-seven of seventy-nine surviving females were reassessed after 2 years. With few exceptions, estimated micronutrient intake was not statistically predictive of biochemical measures of nutrient adequacy. Initial biochemical measures of nutritional adequacy were compared with those found 2 years later in an attempt to assess whether initial biochemical assessment was predictive of the "longer term' situation. Biochemical measurements at the start of the study were correlated to the same measurements made 2 years later for: serum ferritin, haemoglobin and erythrocyte count, whole-blood Se-glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9; males only), plasma Cu, alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), ascorbic acid, vitamin B6 (pyridoxal-5-phosphate), folate and vitamin B12, total erythrocyte thiamin (males only), riboflavin (erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.1) activation coefficient): but not for: erythrocyte Cu-superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) or plasma Zn. Either only small changes, or no changes, in mean values were seen over the 2 years for most of the biochemical measures. One exception was a large increase in plasma folate. The only important "negative' features seen at 2-year follow up were a large fall in serum ferritin concentration and a large increase in the activity of two antioxidant defence enzymes, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. As judged by currently accepted biochemical deficiency threshold values, a small proportion of subjects were possibly at risk of Fe (3% men; 1% women), folate (7%, 3%), thiamin (12%; 3%) and vitamin C (15%; 17%) deficiency. Many more appeared to be at risk of vitamin B6 (42%; 47%) and riboflavin (77%; 79%) deficiency. It was concluded that the requirements of the elderly for vitamins B1, B2 and C, and the biochemical deficiency threshold values used to indicate vitamin B6 deficiency, need review.
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PMID:Relationships between micronutrient intake and biochemical indicators of nutrient adequacy in a "free-living' elderly UK population. 913 69

Incubation of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes with K2Cr2O7 plus the pineal hormone melatonin resulted in a marked decrease in cellular levels of DNA single-strand breaks caused by K2Cr2O7. Cellular treatment with melatonin also suppressed both dichromate-induced cytotoxicity, as evaluated by the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, and lipid peroxidation, as monitored by malondialdehyde formation. In addition, treatment with melatonin attenuated the suppression of the levels of vitamins E and C as well as the inhibition of catalase activity attributed to K2Cr2O7. However, melatonin had no influence on cellular level of glutathione and the activity of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and alkaline phosphatase suppressed by dichromate. Under the same experimental conditions, cellular uptake and distribution of Cr were not affected by melatonin. Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies showed that melatonin did not affect the formation of Cr(V) complexes in the reaction of K2Cr2O7 with reduced glutathione; however, melatonin caused a 25% decrease in the levels of Cr(V)-related hydroxyl radicals in vitro. These results indicate that melatonin protects cells from Cr(VI)-induced DNA strand breaks, cytotoxicity, and lipid peroxidation, possibly through its ability to increase cellular levels of vitamins E and C as well as catalase activity and/or to directly scavenge toxic hydroxyl radicals in cells.
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PMID:Potent protective effect of melatonin on chromium(VI)-induced DNA single-strand breaks, cytotoxicity, and lipid peroxidation in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. 919 22

Incubation of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes with K2CR2O7 and deferoxamine (DFO), an iron chelator, resulted in a marked decrease in cellular levels of DNA single-strand breaks caused by K2Cr2O7. Cellular treatment with DFO also suppressed both dichromate-induced cytotoxicity--evaluated by the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, and lipid peroxidation--as monitored by malondialdehyde formation. In addition, treatment with DFO attenuated the suppression of the levels of vitamin E and C as well as the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase and glutathione peroxidase activity attributed to K2Cr2O7. However, DFO had no influence on the cellular level of glutathione or the activity of glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase suppressed by dichromate. Under the same experimental conditions, cellular uptake and distribution of chromium were not affected by DFO. These results indicate that DFO protects cells from chromium (VI)-induced DNA strand breaks, cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, vitamin E and C depression, and glutathione peroxidase inhibition The role of antioxidants in chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity, DNA breaks, and lipid peroxidation is discussed.
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PMID:Protective effect of deferoxamine on chromium (VI)-induced DNA single-strand breaks, cytotoxicity, and lipid peroxidation in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. 919 15

Dietary zinc deficiency in rats causes increased osmotic fragility of their erythrocytes. In this study, the influence of supplementary antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E or beta-carotene) on osmotic fragility, oxidative damage and components of the primary defense system of erythrocytes of zinc-deficient rats was investigated. Indicators of hemolysis in vivo were also examined. Five groups of 12 male rats were force-fed a zinc-adequate diet (control rats), a zinc-deficient diet or a zinc-deficient diet enriched with vitamin C, vitamin E or beta-carotene. Compared with the control rats, the rats fed the zinc-deficient diet without supplementary antioxidants had greater red blood cell osmotic fragility, higher concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and alanine, higher glutathione S-transferase activity, lower concentration of glutathione and activity of glutathione peroxidase as well as lower activity of superoxide dismutase in plasma (P < 0.05). Supplementation with antioxidants generally improved osmotic fragility in zinc-deficient rats without influencing zinc concentration or alkaline phosphatase activity in plasma, indicators of zinc status. At some of the hypotonic saline concentrations tested, vitamin C and beta-carotene significantly affected osmotic fragility. The zinc-deficient rats fed a diet without supplementary antioxidants had significantly higher concentrations of alanine in erythrocytes than the zinc-deficient rats supplemented with vitamin C, vitamin E or beta-carotene and had significantly higher levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in erythrocytes than the rats supplemented with beta-carotene. There was no indication of hemolysis in vivo in rats fed zinc-deficient diets. The results show that supplementary antioxidants decrease osmotic fragility and oxidative damage of erythrocytes in zinc-deficient rats.
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PMID:Supplementation with vitamin C, vitamin E or beta-carotene influences osmotic fragility and oxidative damage of erythrocytes of zinc-deficient rats. 920 82

The aim of this study was to better characterize rabbit proximal kidney tubule cells cultured on collagen IV-coated porous inserts, as compared to the same cells seeded in standard plastic wells. Total protein contents in confluent monolayers on permeable membranes were about twofold higher than those measured in confluent cultures in plastic wells. Microscopy examinations suggested that such a difference was probably due to a higher cell density and to an impressive development of the apical brush-border membrane. Moreover, measurement of unidirectional transport of p-aminohippuric acid and tetraethylammonium bromide confirmed the high polarization level of cultures on porous inserts. Results of methyl(alpha-D-[U-14C]glyco)pyranoside uptake suggested that cell phenotype was probably influenced by culture conditions. Analysis of different markers as a function of time in culture showed decreases of alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activities as well as increases in LDH, ATP, and glutathione levels, similar to those formerly reported for cells cultured in standard plastic plates. However, comparative data from 6-d-old monolayers have shown that AP, GGT, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, glutathione reductase (GRED), and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPX) activities were 2.8-, 2.6-, 1.6-, 1.2-, and 2.1-fold, respectively, better preserved on precoated permeable membranes. On the other hand, this paper reports for the first time in the literature that GRED and SE-GPX, two phase II detoxification enzymes, were well maintained in cultures of rabbit proximal kidney tubule cells. Our results show that culturing rabbit proximal kidney tubule cells on collagen IV-coated porous membranes was accompanied by an improvement of both morphological and biochemical properties of the cells.
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PMID:Morphological and biochemical characterization of primary culture of rabbit proximal kidney tubule cells grown on collagen-IV coated Millicell-CM. 935 85

We studied the effects of physical training on antioxidant defences and susceptibility to damage induced by exhaustive exercise in tissues of adult (12 mo) rats. Therefore, untrained animals were sacrificed either at rest (n = 8) or immediately after swimming to exhaustion (n = 8). Rats trained to swim for 10 weeks were also sacrificed, 48 hr after the last exercise, either at rest (n = 8) or after exhaustive swimming (n = 8). Integrity of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic (SR) or endoplasmic (ER) reticulum of liver, heart, and muscle was assessed by measuring mitochondrial respiratory control and latency of alkaline phosphatase activity. Lipid peroxidation was measured by determination of malondialdehyde and hydroperoxides. Additionally, the effect of training on tissue antioxidant systems was examined by determining the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity and the overall antioxidant capacity (CA). Membrane integrity was unaffected by training in liver and muscle, and improved in heart of at rest animals, whereas lipid peroxidation was reduced in both liver and heart. Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity, and overall antioxidant capacity were increased (p < 0.05) by training in liver and muscle. In heart, antioxidant capacity was increased from 0.21+/-0.01 to 0.33+/-0.02 (p<0.05), but glutathione peroxidase activity remained unchanged (p>0.05), and glutathione reductase activity was decreased from 3.56+/-0.08 to 2.27+/-0.10 micromol x min(-1) x g(-1) (p < 0.05). The exhaustive exercise gave rise to tissue damage irrespective of trained state, as documented by similar loss of SR and ER integrity, and increase (p<0.05) in lipid peroxidation found in exhausted trained and untrained rats. However, the above changes were elicited by exercise of greater duration in trained than in untrained rats (340+/-17 min and 233+/-6 min, respectively). These findings support the view that free radical-induced damage in muscle could be one of the factors involved in muscle fatigue. If so, the increased endurance in trained rats should reflect lengthening of the time required for the oxidative processes to sufficiently impair cell functions so as to make further exercise impossible.
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PMID:Effect of training on antioxidant capacity, tissue damage, and endurance of adult male rats. 941 71

Pretreatment of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) for 15 min prior to exposure to K2Cr2O7 resulted in a marked decrease in dichromate-induced cytotoxicity, as evaluated by the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, and in lipid peroxidation, as monitored by malondialdehyde formation. In addition, pretreatment with DDTC attenuated the suppression of the level of vitamin E attributed to K2Cr2O7. However, DDTC pretreatment had no effect on the cellular levels of glutathione or vitamin C or on the activity of the glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase or alkaline phosphatase suppressed by dichromate. Under the same experimental conditions, cellular uptake or distribution of chromium was not affected by DDTC. These results indicate that the protective effect of DDTC on chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity as well as lipid peroxidation may be associated with the level of nonenzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin E.
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PMID:Protective effect of diethyldithiocarbamate pretreatment on chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. 949 63

Cellular redox status and membrane protein activities were analyzed in kidneys from rats with ischemic acute renal failure (ARF). ARF was induced by clamping the left renal artery for 50 min. A parallel group of control animals was processed. In the ischemic group urea plasma levels were statistically increased as compared with the control group. Studies employing whole kidney homogenates revealed that ischemia produces an increment in lipid peroxidation levels and a reduction in glutathione concentration and in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. Since lipid peroxidation may alter the function of membrane proteins we determined succinate cytochrome c reductase (SuccR), sodium-potassium ATPase (Na-K-ATPase), glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in whole renal homogenates. Only G-6-Pase and ALP activities were modified by ischemia. Since ALP is a brush border membrane (BBM) enzyme and BBM is one of the main target structures in ARF, we assessed some parameters of BBM functionality. ALP, gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT) and 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) showed diminished activities in BBM from ischemic kidneys. Ischemia also modified the Vmax of paraaminohippuric acid (PAH) uptake without altering Km. An increment of lipid peroxidation and membrane fluidity in BBM was observed after the treatment. Total membrane proteins and protein recoveries in BBM were similar in both experimental groups. Sialic acid and sulfhydryl levels were similar in BBM from ischemic kidney and control ones. In summary, ARF induced by renal artery clamping for 50 min takes place with a significant increase in urea plasma levels. A decrease in the antioxidant defense system is detected. This induces lipid peroxidation in whole renal tissue, which may justify the diminished activities of some membrane enzymes such as G-6-Pase and ALP. A specific analysis of BBM function reveals a significant increment of lipid peroxidation which may be the cause of an increased membrane fluidity. This latter parameter might be, at least in part, responsible for the damaged function of apical ALP, 5'-NT, gamma-GT and PAH carrier.
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PMID:Impairment of cellular redox status and membrane protein activities in kidneys from rats with ischemic acute renal failure. 968 97

We showed previously that supplementation for 30 d with 800 IU (727 mg) vitamin E/d did not adversely affect healthy elderly persons. We have now assessed the effects of 4 mo of supplementation with 60, 200, or 800 IU (55, 182, or 727 mg) all-rac-alpha-tocopherol/d on general health, nutrient status, liver enzyme function, thyroid hormone concentrations, creatinine concentrations, serum autoantibodies, killing of Candida albicans by neutrophils, and bleeding time in 88 healthy subjects aged >65 y participating in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. No side effects were reported by the subjects. Vitamin E supplementation had no effect on body weight, plasma total proteins, albumin, glucose, plasma lipids or the lipoprotein profile, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, serum aspartate aminotransferase, serum alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, serum urea nitrogen, total red blood cells, white blood cells or white blood cell differential counts, platelet number, bleeding time, hemoglobin, hematocrit, thyroid hormones, or urinary or serum creatinine concentrations. Values from all supplemented groups were within normal ranges for older adults and were not significantly different from values in the placebo group. Vitamin E supplementation had no significant effects on plasma concentrations of other antioxidant vitamins and minerals, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, or total homocysteine. There was no significant effect of vitamin E on serum nonspecific immunoglobulin concentrations or anti-DNA and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. The cytotoxic ability of neutrophils against Candida albicans was not compromised. Thus, 4 mo of supplementation with 60-800 IU vitamin E/d had no adverse effects. These results are relevant for determining risk-to-benefit ratios for vitamin E supplementation.
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PMID:Assessment of the safety of supplementation with different amounts of vitamin E in healthy older adults. 970 Nov 88

In the present study the level of enzyme hydrolases (alkaline phosphatase, myeloperoxidase, elastase, arginase, lysozyme and beta-galactosidase) of polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) granules in different ruminant species and their release in response to activation was studied. Buffalo PMN alkaline phosphatase activity was higher (P < 0.01) than in PMNs of cattle and goats. Interestingly, myeloperoxidase was higher in cattle PMNs and least in goat PMNs (P < 0.01), a similar pattern was observed in the distribution of enzyme arginase. As far as lysozyme is concerned, its activity was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in PMNs of buffaloes than in the case of cattle and goat PMNs. On activation, these cells released MPO and elastase, in all the species studied, while lysozyme was secreted only in buffalo PMN cells. Activity of certain enzymes related to oxidant defence systems such as glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were higher in cattle and goats compared to that in buffaloes. These observations are likely to have bearing on immunodefense roles played by PMNs and reflected differences among the ruminant species studied.
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PMID:A comparative study on certain enzymes of the granulocyte from different ruminant species. 977 61


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