Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A regional differentiation--reflecting structural differences--of the intestine of larval and juvenile grasscarps can be illustrated by studying the activity of alkaline phosphatase and the uptake of orally administered horseradish peroxidase. Pinocytosis takes place in a welldefined area of about 23% of the length of the gut (segment II). Neither the rostral +/- 68% (segment I) nor the caudal +/- 9% (segment III) shows absorption of the enzyme. Alkaline phosphatase activity, mainly localized at the microvilli of the enterocytes is high in the first segment of the gut and low in the second segment. In larvae, the activity decreases sharply at the transition from segment I to segment II. The activity is weak or absent in the caudal third segment. Quantitative histochemical data are confirmed by biochemical analyses. Alkaline phosphatase activity is found all over the mucosal folds of the first segment, with relatively weak activity at the base and at the tip of the folds. This may be related to a renewal of the epithelium. Our results suggest that active absorption of digested food takes place mainly in the rostral first segment, while the uptake of macromolecules by pinocytosis is a function of the second segment. Comparison of the results with information available in literature leads to a rejection of the hypothesis that the uptake of protein macromolecules in Cyprinids is to be attributed to the absence of a stomach and therefore to an inefficient digestion of proteins.
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PMID:REgional functional differentiation in the gut of the grasscarp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.). 52 16

Soluble proteins of 25 helminth species of the classes Trematoda, Cestoidea and Nematoda, were separated by disc electrophoresis using polyacrylamide gel columns. Differences between the species were investigated on the basis of Rm values of the bands. Protein spectra were complemented by the detection of lipoproteins and glycoproteins and by identification of LDH, SHD, peroxidase, esterase and alkaline phosphatase. On the basis of comparison of protein spectra of parasitic worms belonging to three taxonomic classes it was found by means of numerical taxonomy that individual classes are characterized by a certain number of proteins of the same migration properties.
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PMID:Identification of helminth species by means of disc electrophoresis. 52 99

The present work examined the expression of cell surface glycoprotein antigens in cultured human cell lines. The set of glycoproteins studied was defined by their immunoreactivity with antiserum developed to Triton-solubilized extracts of placental brush border membranes. Studies were performed using cell lines of trophoblastic (BeWo, JEG-3) and nontrophoblastic (Chang liver cells) origin, as well as diploid fibroblast cell lines (WI-38, GM-38). Antiplacental brush border antiserum reacts with at least 19 distinct antigens present in placental membrane preparations, each of which can be resolved and identified in two-dimensional electrophoresis. The subunit molecular weight and isoelectric point for all components were defined by their positions in the two-dimensional matrix. Thirteen of these could be detected among the five cell lines examined by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed cell surface iodination. One of these 13 antigens has been identified as the placental isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (PAP). The expression of this component is limited to choriocarcinoma cells and Chang liver cells and it is not present in diploid fibroblasts. Under normal circumstances expression of PAP is unique to the differentiated placenta but has been frequently demonstrated in both trophoblastic and nontrophoblastic neoplasms. Two other antigens are variably expressed among the different cell types examined in the present study and their presence or absence was independent of the trophoblastic, epithelial nontrophoblastic, or fibroblastic origin of the cells. Ten surface antigens were expressed in all five cell lines. Six of these had previously been found common to membranes from three adult differentiated tissues, including liver and kidney, as well as placenta (Wada et al, J Supramol Struc 10(3): 287-305, 1979). The presence of this set of antigens in cultured cells as well extends the possibility that these are ubiquitously expressed on human cell surfaces. Two other antigens observed in all cultured cells had been found in both placental and either kidney or liver membranes and may represent common functions shared by many tissues which are also necessary for growth in vitro. The two remaining placental antigens seen in all cultured cells have previously been shown to be absent in adult tissues. Their presence in cultured cells but not in the membranes of resting differentiated tissues may signify the expression of glycoproteins characteristic of trophoblasts in all cells adapted to growth in culture.
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PMID:Human placental cell surface antigens:expression by cultured cells of diverse phenotypic origin. 54 28

Horseradish peroxidase was used to the precise investigation of low molecular protein transport across the kidney barrier. Simultaneously on the parallel material alkaline phosphatase activity was revealed, as this enzyme is connected with the transport processes through cell membranes. The applied reaction diaminebenzidine has shown infiltration spots for low molecular protein at the glomercular barrier and visualized tubular reabsorption of peroxidase in proximal convoluted tubule. Alkaline phosphatase activity has been observed on the surface of podocytes foot processes. On the surface of proximal convoluted tubules brush border and in canals formed with cells basal membranes investigations high activity of alkaline phosphatase was also observed.
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PMID:Horseradish peroxidase application to the protein transport investigations and alkaline phosphatase ultralocalization at the kidney barrier level. 64 May 11

Smears of peripheral blood from the common rainbow lizard (Agama agama) were examined for the distribution and localization of lipid, glycogen, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase, using a variety of staining techniques. While erythrocytes were strongly reactive with the peroxidase test, granulocytes and monocytes were only weakly or moderately active. Lipid and glycogen, as well as acid and alkaline phosphatase, were found in granulocytes and monocytes. Some lymphocytes showed weak acid phosphatase and moderate PAS activities. A small population of 'mononuclear' cells was noted which were not reactive to any of the histochemical tests adopted.
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PMID:A cytochemical study of the blood of the rainbow lizard (Agama agama). 64 Sep 54

Reed-Sternberg (R-S) cells in the circulating blood of a patient with Hodgkin's disease were cytochemically peroxidase and Sudan black negative, devoid of alkaline phosphatase and non-specific esterase, mostly PAS negative but occasionally showing positivity, and nearly always showing moderately strong granular positivity for acid phosphatase. Electron microscopy showed irregular nuclear profiles, conspicuous nucleoli, a moderate development of cytoplasmic organelles but absence of structures resembling monocytic granules. The R-S cells frequently possessed receptors for the Fc region of IgG and were mostly positive for SmIg, but did not form rosettes with sheep or mouse erythrocytes nor have receptors for the Fc region of IgM or the C3 component of complement. The combined results suggest that R-S cells are of B-cell lineage.
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PMID:Cytochemical, ultrastructural and immunological studies of circulating Reed-Sternberg cells. 64 47

Human embryonic neutrophils (N) in the liver (from 8.5 mm crown-rump length) are alkaline phosphatase (AP) negative during the first trimester of pregnancy. Early bone marrow granulocytes (from eleventh to sixteenth weeks of gestation) behave similarly. Only a small percentage of slightly AP positive cells could be found. Occasional cells with strong NAP reaction appear in the second trimester. NAP positivity greatly increases in the third trimester and term-babies have a somewhat higher than normal NAP activity in circulating blood. Unlike NAP reaction, naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase and peroxidase reactions are positive even in the earliest (AP negative) neutrophils.
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PMID:Ontogeny of human neutrophil granulocyte alkaline phosphatase. 64 70

The hypothesis that the growth of mammalian cells is regulated by hormones is now supported by considerable evidence. Two rat pituitary cell lines, GH3 and GC, a mouse melanoma, M2R (B16), and a human cervical carcinoma cell, HeLa S-3, have been grown indefinitely in serum-free (SF) hormone-supplemented medium. No visible changes of growth characteristics were observed in the cells grown continuously in the SF condition. However, changes in the activity of a plasma membrane enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, and in the relative intensity of surface proteins that are labeled by the [125I] lactoperoxidase technique were found in HeLa cells grown in the SF condition. To study the role of hormones required in the regulation of cell growth, HeLa cells were grown in the absence of one of the required hormones. The following results were obtained. Epidermal growth factor is probably involved in the regulation of the synthesis of macromolecules such as RNA and of the protein content per cell. Transferrin, the accessory factor in the SF condition, supplies iron for cells. The two basic peptides in this SF system, fibroblast growth factor and insulin, are probably involved in the balance of nutrients and energy inside the cell. The replacement of F12 medium with a better-balanced medium, MCDB 105, can mimic the requirements for these two peptides. The steroid hydrocortisone (HC) is probably involved in alteration of the cell surface. This is indicated by the effects of HC on cell morphology, rate of detachment from the dish, and the pattern of [125I] lactoperoxidase labeling of surface proteins. In addition, it is necessary to change the medium more frequently to maintain the culture in the medium without HC. This observation suggests that HC may be involved in the control of homeostatic properties of the cell surface. The production of rat prolactin by GH3 cells was also studied. GH3 cells in the SF condition produce 1.6 microgram prolactin per 10(5) cells in 24 h, while 2.4 microgram is produced in the presence of serum. Prolactin production in the SF condition is enhanced by the presence of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and inhibited by triiodothyronine (T3). T3 is the major growth factor for these cells. Without it cell growth is severely limited, while prolactin production is elevated. This result suggests that the GH3 cell line in the SF condition may be an ideal system for the study of hormonal regulation of cell growth and specific gene expression.
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PMID:Replacement of serum in cell culture by hormones: a study of hormonal regulation of cell growth and specific gene expression. 66 Jun 66

A computerized scanning microdensitometer and autoradiographic grain counter was able to provide quantitative data on the cytochemical final reaction product formed within a single cell and also quantitate the kinetics of its formation. Optical density and area measurements were performed on hundreds of leukocytes from slides previously stained to demonstrate any one of a variety of reactions. These included cellular glycogen, lipids, peroxidase, esterases, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase. In addition to these slide studies, chamber studies with an adapted Dvorak-Stotler Chamber allowed the measurement of enzyme kinetics within single cells.
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PMID:Device for quantitative cytochemistry: a computerized scanning microdensitometer 'grain counter'. 72 48

Neutrophils from a patient with recurrent pyogenic infections since infancy were found to have morphologic abnormalities and impaired functions. The neutrophils had an abnormal nuclear shape, no or few secondary granules, and no alkaline phosphatase activity. Primary granules were normal in number and structure, and were positive for peroxidase. Immature granulocytes were structurally normal. The neutrophils were impaired in chemotaxis and bactericidal capacity. The patient's marrow cells formed increased numbers of granulocytic colonies of small size in culture. Her peripheral leukocytes produced elevated levels of CSA and adherent marrow cells did not inhibit colony formation. These data indicate an intrinsic neutrophil defect which allows normal proliferation of precursor cells, but results in abnormal morphogenesis and impaired function as the cells mature.
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PMID:Abnormal neutrophil maturation in a neutrophil defect with morphologic abnormality and impaired function. 75 16


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