Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A study was conducted on 20 "Rahmani" male lambs of 16 kg body weight fed on normal feed level and high vitamin A level (NF-HV); normal feed level and normal vitamin A level (NF-NV); low feed level and high vitamin A level (LF-HV) or low feed level and normal vitamin A level (LF-NV) till slaughter weight of 35-40 kg. Average daily gains of lambs were 211, 148, 117 and 87 g for the NF-HV, NF-NV, LF-HV and LF-NV groups, respectively. The corresponding feed conversions were 4.3, 5.9, 5.0 and 6.4 kg DM/kg gain. Raising feed intake and vitamin A level enhanced nutrients digestibility and nitrogen balance. Rumen liquor reflected higher pH value in animals fed higher intake (NF) in the first two diets. Both feed intake and vitamin A levels enhanced volatile fatty acids and ammonia concentrations in the rumen liquor. Feed intake and vitamin A levels positively affected haemoglobin content, packed cell volume, glucose, urea, total protein, vitamin A, insulin, cholesterol, phospholipids, glutamate oxaloacetate and glutamate pyruvate transaminases and alkaline phosphatase in blood Vitamin A, insulin, cholesterol and phospholipids in blood increased gradually over the experimental period. Dressing percentages were 56.2, 49.6, 49.1 and 44.6% for the experimental groups, respectively. Liver content of glycogen and vitamin A increased with increasing feed intake and vitamin A levels. It is concluded that higher levels of vitamin A supplementation (than usually recommended) is required during fattening of lambs. Low energy and normal vitamin A levels are not recommended in lambs feeding.
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PMID:Effect of feed intake and dietary vitamin A levels on sheep performance. 129 61

Previous surveys suggested that young children in Northeast Thailand may benefit from vitamin A and/or zinc supplementation. One hundred thirty-three children aged 6-13 y with marginal plasma retinol (less than 1.05 mumol/L) and Zn (less than 12.2 mumol/L) concentrations participated in a double-blind study. They were randomly assigned and supplemented with either zinc (25 mg/d), vitamin A (1500 RE/d), zinc plus vitamin A, or placebo for 6 mo. Biochemical indices of vitamin A (plasma vitamin A, retinol-binding protein) and zinc status (plasma zinc, alkaline phosphatase) increased significantly. The children had adequate liver stores of vitamin A (relative dose response less than 20%). Zinc supplementation resulted in an improvement in vision restoration time (VRT) in dim light (dark adaptometry). Vitamin A and zinc synergistically normalized conjunctival epithelium as measured by conjunctival impression cytology (CIC). Both functional indices, VRT and CIC, showed significant correlations with plasma zinc and vitamin A, respectively. The data suggest that functional improvements in populations with suboptimal vitamin A and zinc nutriture can be accomplished by supplementation with less than two times the recommended dietary allowance of these nutrients.
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PMID:Effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on the nutriture of children in Northeast Thailand. 160 61

Testicular peritubular myoid cells secrete a paracrine factor that is a potent modulator of Sertoli cell functions involved in the maintenance of spermatogenesis. These cells also play an integral role in maintaining the structural integrity of the seminiferous tubule. To better understand this important testicular cell type, studies were initiated to characterize cultured peritubular cells using biochemical and histochemical techniques. The electrophoretic pattern of radiolabeled secreted proteins was similar for primary and subcultured peritubular cells and was unique from that of Sertoli cells. Morphologic differences between Sertoli cells and peritubular cells were noted and extended with histochemical staining techniques. Desmin cytoskeletal filaments were demonstrated immunocytochemically in peritubular cells, both in culture and in tissue sections, but were not detected in Sertoli cells. Desmin is proposed to be a marker for peritubular cell differentiation as well as a marker for peritubular cell contamination in Sertoli cell cultures. Peritubular cells and Sertoli cells were also stained histochemically for the presence of alkaline phosphatase. Staining for the alkaline phosphatase enzyme was associated with peritubular cells but not with Sertoli cells. Alkaline phosphatase is therefore an additional histochemical marker for peritubular cells. Biochemical characterization of peritubular cells relied on cell-specific enzymatic activities. Creatine phosphokinase activity, a marker for contractile cells, was found to be associated with peritubular cells, while negligible activity was associated with Sertoli cells. Alkaline phosphatase activity assayed spectrophotometrically was found to be a useful biochemical marker for peritubular cell function and was utilized to determine the responsiveness of primary and subcultured cells to regulatory agents. Testosterone stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity associated with primary cultures of peritubular cells, thus supporting the observation that peritubular cells provide a site of androgen action in the testis. Retinol increased alkaline phosphatase activity in subcultured peritubular cells. Alkaline phosphatase activity increased in response to dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in both primary and subcultured peritubular cell cultures. Observations indicate that the ability of androgens and retinoids to regulate testicular function may be mediated, in part, through their effects on peritubular cells. This provides additional support for the proposal that the mesenchymal-epithelial cell interactions between peritubular cells and Sertoli cells are important for the maintenance and control of testicular function. Results imply that the endocrine regulation of tissue function may be mediated in part through alterations in mesenchymal-epithelial cell interactions.
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PMID:Cytochemical and biochemical characterization of testicular peritubular myoid cells. 254 16

Two milk feeding systems were investigated as influencing the health and development of calves. After the termination of colostrum feeding, the ten animals of the experimental group were given whole milk whereas the control group (also ten calves) was given the Laktosan milk replacer. By the age of three months, blood was collected from the calves for biochemical examination in weekly intervals, later once a month. The content of urea, determined in the blood plasma of the calves of the experimental group was significantly lower in the fourth to seventh week. The plasma levels of nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium were about the same in the experimental and control groups, being within the limits of the reference values. At the age of six to nine weeks, the content of inorganic phosphorus in the blood plasma of the tested animals was statistically significantly higher. Vitamin A concentration in the blood plasma was about the same in both groups. The content of vitamin E in the blood plasma of the calves of the experimental group was statistically significantly higher in the fourth to eight week of age. No significant differences between the two groups were observed in the plasmatic activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GMT). The activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly higher in the third to fifth week of life. From the fifth to eighteenth week of age, the average daily weight gains were significantly higher in the calves given whole milk.
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PMID:[The effect of the use of milk-based feed mixtures and whole milk on the development of selected indicators in the blood plasma in calves]. 308 69

Serum vitamin A concentrations were measured in 38 patients undergoing haemodialysis, 24 of whom were taking multivitamin preparations containing vitamin A. Vitamin A concentrations were significantly higher in patients undergoing haemodialysis than in 28 normal controls (p less than 0.001). Patients taking vitamin A supplements had significantly higher vitamin A concentrations than those not taking them (p less than 0.05), and hypercalcaemic patients had higher concentrations than normocalcaemic patients (p less than 0.005). Withdrawal of vitamin A supplements in seven patients caused significant falls in serum vitamin A concentrations and plasma calcium concentrations (p less than 0.01 at two and three months in both cases) and in plasma alkaline phosphatase concentrations (p less than 0.01 at two months). Vitamin A toxicity can contribute to hypercalcaemia in patients undergoing haemodialysis, probably by an osteolytic effect. Multivitamin preparations containing vitamin A should therefore be prescribed with caution in these patients.
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PMID:Vitamin A toxicity and hypercalcaemia in chronic renal failure. 678 64

Levels of plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25 OHD) were found to be lower in 58 pregnant Asians when compared with 59 Caucasian controls. Thirty per cent of Asians and none of the controls had levels less that 10 ng/ml. The low plasma was associated with biochemical evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism and increased bone turnover as assessed by plasma parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline. Vitamin A and its binding protein, and vitamin D binding protein, were also measured in a subgroup of 40 patients. There was no difference between Asians and their controls. The data suggest that vitamin D supplementation would be beneficial in Asian women during pregnancy.
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PMID:Biochemical evidence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant Asian women. 720 62

The action of retinol and carotenoids on bone cells was investigation in vitro by evaluating cell growth, alkaline phosphatase activity and the mRNA expression of a differentiation marker protein of osteoblastic cells. The clonal osteogenic cell line MC3T3-E1, established from newborn mouse calvaria, has a capacity of differentiation into osteoblast and mineralization in vitro. Retinol and beta-carotene inhibited the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells as well as DNA synthesis of the cells in a dose-dependent manner. Retinol induced differentiation of the MC3T3-E1 cells, by increasing alkaline phosphatase activity dose dependently, in a range from 1 to 100nm. Beta-carotene increased alkaline phosphatase activity is a dose-related manner in a range from 0.1 to 5 microM. Osteopontin is one of the matrix proteins which osteoblasts produce. Retinol increased the expression of osteopontin mRNA in a range from 1 to 100 nm. Beta-carotene also increased osteopontin mRNA expression, reaching a plateau at 1 microM. The induction of differentiation of MC3T3-E11 cells by beta-carotene was dose-dependent but was two orders of magnitude less active than that produced by retinoids. Within the MC3T3-E1 cells, part of the beta-carotene was effectively converted into retinol. Alpha-carotene, canthaxanthin and lycopene also inhibited cell proliferation at 1 microM and increased alkaline phosphatase activity and osteopontin mRNA expression, but less potently so than beta-carotene. Retinol and carotenoids were concluded to have a direct stimulatory effect on the differentiation of osteoblasts at the physiological concentration.
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PMID:Vitamin A and carotenoids stimulate differentiation of mouse osteoblastic cells. 926 18

Vitamin A is a potent inducer for liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase (L/B/K ALP) in a variety of tissues. However, the evidence for induction of L/B/K ALP by vitamin A in small intestine is limited. In this study, we investigated the influence of vitamin A on L/B/K ALP expression in rat small intestinal crypt IEC-6 cells and fetal rat small intestine. Treatment of IEC-6 cells with all-trans retinoic acid (RA) increased the levels of activity, protein and mRNA of L/B/K ALP, whereas enterocyte-specific proteins, including intestinal ALP, sucrase-isomaltase and glucose transporter-2, were not induced. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique revealed that this L/B/K ALP transcript had the bone-type but not the liver-type leader exon. IEC-6 cells constitutively expressed mRNAs of all subtypes of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) at varied concentrations. Among these receptor mRNAs, RARbeta mRNA quickly responded to RA treatment, and the level was doubled within 4 h. Gel mobility shift assay showed that RA induced an RXRE-binding activity in IEC-6 cells. The L/B/K ALP transcript, expressed in fetal rat small intestine, also contained the bone-type leader exon. Intragastric administration of 10 mg retinyl acetate to pregnant rats from gestational d 7 to 15 increased the levels of this transcript and enzyme in 15-d fetal rat small intestine. Our results suggest that vitamin A may be an important regulator for L/B/K ALP expression in fetal rat small intestine as well as in IEC-6 cells.
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PMID:Vitamin A up-regulates expression of bone-type alkaline phosphatase in rat small intestinal crypt cell line and fetal rat small intestine. 980 36

Calcineurin was shown previously to be inhibited by members of the tyrphostin family of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, with the most effective inhibition suggested to be caused by the presence of a conjugated side chain (Martin BL, Biochem Pharmacol 56: 483-488, 1998). Retinoids are a family of naturally occurring biomolecules having non-aromatic ring structures and conjugated side chains as substituents on the ring. Three oxidation states of the all-trans configuration of retinoids (retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid) were tested as effectors of calcineurin. Only retinoic acid was found to inhibit calcineurin effectively, with an IC(50) value of approximately 50 microM. Retinol and retinal caused less than 30% inhibition at concentrations up to 100 microM. All three retinoids caused some precipitation of reaction components: retinoic acid and retinal above 50 microM, and retinol above 250 microM. Bacterial alkaline phosphatase was not inhibited by the retinoids, indicating that metal centers alone are insufficient for significant inhibition by retinoic acid. An aromatic ring was not required for inhibition and may not provide additional inhibition, inasmuch as an aromatic analog of retinoic acid (acitretin) showed less effective inhibition. These data are consistent with the presence of conjugated, unsaturated groups enhancing the inhibition of calcineurin.
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PMID:In vitro effect of retinoids on calcineurin activity. 1093 May 34

Vitamin A and retinoids play an important role during development. They affect morphogenesis, cell growth and differentiation by interacting with two types of receptor, the RARs and the RXRs. Despite the well known established teratogenic effects of retinoids during human pregnancy, little is known about the effect of retinoids on human placental development. We studied the possible involvement of retinoids during the implantation process by investigating the spatial distribution of retinoid receptors in the human implantation site by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. For in situ hybridization, we used digoxigenin-labelled antisense riboprobes. Immunochemical staining was performed with specific antibodies against the various retinoid receptors and a streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase immunostaining kit. We found that only two types of receptors were expressed at the implantation site: RARalpha and RXRalpha. Both types of receptors were present in the proliferative intermediate trophoblast, the invasive extravillous trophoblast and decidual cells. Both receptors were also present in the villous cytotrophoblasts. The presence of this retinoid receptor in the cytotrophoblasts suggests a key role for all-trans retinoic acid and/or 9-cis retinoic acid in the development of human placenta.
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PMID:The expression of nuclear retinoid receptors in human implantation. 1098 74


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