Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Type I human skin collagenase (HSC-1) was localized in developing embryonic and fetal skin ranging from 6 to 20 weeks estimated gestational age using an antigen-specific, affinity-purified, polyclonal antiserum to HSC-1 and an avidin-biotin alkaline phosphatase procedure. Double immunolabeling with monoclonal antibodies for Factor VIII-related antigen, type IV collagen, and the 68-kilodalton neurofilament subunit was performed using a direct peroxidase procedure. By 8 weeks estimated gestational age, HSC-1 localized to the periderm, the basal cell epidermal keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and surrounding extracellular matrix. At 12 weeks estimated gestational age, HSC-1 immunolabeling showed a continued association with the epidermis and dermis. Dermal and subcutaneous blood vessels and the surrounding extracellular matrix were positive for HSC-1 labeling. HSC-1 staining was also found around developing nerves and in association with dermal fibroblasts. In the developing hair follicle, HSC-1 was present in keratinocytes of the pre-germ, germ, hair peg, and bulbous hair peg. HSC-1 immunoreactivity was also found in association with the hair canal, the bulge, and the dermal papillae, but was absent from the fetal sebaceous gland. These data demonstrate the association of HSC-1 with the development of interfollicular epidermis, the dermal collagenous matrix, the process of angiogenesis, the development of nerves, and hair follicle morphogenesis.
J Invest Dermatol 1994 Jun
PMID:Localization of type I human skin collagenase in developing embryonic and fetal skin. 751 99

An immunohistochemical analysis of skin biopsies was performed in 18 patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE), using the alkaline phosphatase and monoclonal anti-alkaline phosphatase method (APAAP). The study group was subdivided on the basis of clinical criteria into 10 patients with chronic discoid LE (CDLE) and eight patients with subacute cutaneous LE (SCLE). Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies the following results were obtained: (i) ICAM-1 was expressed on epidermal keratinocytes, dermal inflammatory cells, and endothelial cells in most biopsies, whereas LFA-1 was confined to the dermis. Attachments between keratinocytes or endothelial cells and activated T lymphocytes via ICAM-1/LFA-1 may be a possible mechanism of target/effector recognition in cutaneous LE. (ii) HLA-DR was expressed on epidermal keratinocytes and cells of the dermal infiltrate, but not on endothelial cells. HLA-DR+ cells probably function as antigen-presenting cells, leading to major histocompatibility complex-restricted cellular cytotoxicity in cutaneous LE. (iii) Interleukin 2 receptor expression on dermal inflammatory cells was weak, indicating non-specific activation of T lymphocytes. (iv) The dermal inflammatory cells were T lymphocytes, mainly of the helper/inducer subtype. B lymphocytes were rarely found in the dermis. In general, no significant immunohistochemical differences were found between CDLE and SCLE, suggesting that these variants represent clinical subtypes rather than different pathogenetic entities.
Br J Dermatol 1995 Jan
PMID:Immunohistochemical analysis of chronic discoid and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus--relation to immunopathological mechanisms. 775 49

For unknown reasons, the pilosebaceous unit displays prominent alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, and alterations in AP activity are seen in alopecia areata. The role of AP in hair biology and pathology has been obscured by contradictory reports on the localization and activity of AP during the hair cycle, and by a paucity of instructive models for studying AP functions. Using the C57 BL-6 mouse model for hair research, we have characterized endogenous AP with a simple histochemical developing solution routinely employed for AP immunohistology. This method was selective for AP, and revealed distinctive hair cycle-dependent changes in AP activity and localization. Although the dermal papilla displays unusually strong AP activity during the entire hair cycle, the outer root sheath is AP-positive only during late anagen and early catagen. Strong, rather homogeneous AP activity is seen in the sebaceous gland (SG) only during catagen and telogen. This AP staining pattern indicates hair cycle-dependent changes in SG functions, and differs to some extent from the previously reported AP activity during the hair cycle of various species. We propose a simple and effective technique for follicle classification based on the AP histochemistry of dermal papilla and sebaceous gland, and discuss uses of the C57 BL-6 mouse model for functional AP studies.
Br J Dermatol 1994 Sep
PMID:Alkaline phosphatase activity and localization during the murine hair cycle. 791 3

Increasing cell size, lipid accumulation, and altered antigen expression are features of sebaceous differentiation in vivo. Enhanced lipid synthesis with progressive differentiation is also present in cultured human sebocytes. This study was conducted to investigate the evolution of cell size and antigen expression of human sebocytes with progressive differentiation in vitro. Subconfluent human sebocyte cultures were examined for sebocyte differentiation evaluated on cytocentrifuge preparations by light microscopy and classified in stages according to morphological criteria described for sebocytes in vivo. Rates of 5.1 +/- 2.2% undifferentiated sebocytes, 29.2 +/- 4.9% early differentiated, 20.7 +/- 4.1% advanced differentiated, 37.6 +/- 6.4% fully differentiated, and 5.9 +/- 1.9% mature sebocytes were calculated in secondary cultures. The size of cultured sebocytes measured by computer-assisted planimetry significantly increased with progressive differentiation up to 4-5.5 times. The low rates of mature sebocytes and the only moderate increase of their size with progressive differentiation indicate an incomplete terminal differentiation in vitro. Sebocytes were subsequently stained with a series of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to determine antigen expression using the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase technique. The number of sebocytes labeled with the anti-keratin mAb CK8.12 and KL1, and the mAb 34D11 (82 kD protein) increased with progressive differentiation; significant differences were found after comparing early and advanced differentiated sebocytes. Sebocytes were positively stained with the anti-keratin mAb 6B10 (K 4), RPN1162 (K 7), CK13 (K 13), RPN1165 (K 19), CK8.60, and the mAb 115F5 (MAM-6c), OM-1 (sebaceous gland antigen), and 24F10 (basic polypeptides) only at late-stage differentiation. The expression of keratins 4, 7, 13, and 19 was confirmed by gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. The data obtained were used to study the effects of the duration of cultivation and of the retinoids isotretinoin and tretinoin on sebocyte differentiation in vitro. Subcultivation of sebocytes upregulated, and treatment with isotretinoin but not with tretinoin downregulated labeling with mAb which recognize indicating progressive and late-stage differentiation.
Exp Dermatol 1994 Aug
PMID:Progressive differentiation of human sebocytes in vitro is characterized by increasing cell size and altering antigen expression and is regulated by culture duration and retinoids. 800 Jul 3

The skin lesions of two elderly women lead us to the diagnosis of small cleaved lymphocytic B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, TNM stage IVb after clinical staging examinations. Relapses occurred within less than 1 year. Morphology, enzymhistochemistry (alkaline phosphatase in the first case), and immunohistochemistry (CD 5 positivity in the second case) in the skin biopsies supported the diagnosis of mantle-cell lymphoma. The histogenesis of the mantle-cell lymphoma is reviewed.
Dermatol Clin 1994 Apr
PMID:Mantle-cell lymphomas of the skin. 804 52

Gamma-delta T cells (gdTC) are recognized as the predominant intraepidermal T-cell population in murine skin, although their physiological functions are still unclear. Little is known of the exact distribution of gdTC in the other epithelial skin compartments of normal mice. Using selective gdTC-receptor antibodies in immunohistology (alkaline phosphatase technique), the distribution and density of gdTC was analysed morphometrically in cryostat sections of full-thickness back skin of normal, adolescent C57 BL-6 mice in all the different stages of the depilation-induced hair cycle. We found that, during the entire hair cycle, V gamma 3-TCR-bearing lymphocytes are restricted to the epidermis, and to the epithelial hair bulb in, and distal to, the bulge area. No gdTC were seen in the sebaceous glands. During early anagen development, the number of pan-gdTC receptor-positive cells increased significantly (P < 0.005) in the interfollicular epidermis and the suprainfundibular portion of the hair bulb, whereas the number decreased in the infrainfundibular region (P < 0.005). As gdTC are thought to migrate into the skin only during embryogenesis, this finding suggests hair cycle-dependent, differential intraepithelial proliferation of gdTC in murine skin. We advocate employing only skin of defined hair cycle stages in immunological studies on murine skin, and discuss the value of the C57 BL-6 model for assessing the functions of gdTC in skin and hair biology.
Br J Dermatol 1994 Mar
PMID:Distribution and changing density of gamma-delta T cells in murine skin during the induced hair cycle. 814 67

To investigate the hepatic abnormalities accompanying experimental protoporphyria due to griseofulvin (GF), liver function test values and porphyrin levels in mice were assayed at days 2, 4, 8, and 16 after starting the administration of 0.5% GF feed. Furthermore, in an attempt to elucidate the harmful effects of GF on liver functions, the above mentioned assay was also performed after the feed was discontinued in mice given 0.5% GF feed for 16 days. The hepatic protoporphyrin (PP) level had already risen by day 2, but the erythrocytic PP level was within normal limits at that time. Hepatic PP levels increased gradually, followed by an increase in erythrocytic PP levels. The variation in liver function test values roughly paralleled the porphyrin levels. Over the time span of the response to GF, the variations in the serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (S-GOT) levels, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (S-GPT) levels, and leucine amino peptidase (LAP) levels resembled those in hepatic PP. On the other hand, the changes in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels paralleled those of the erythrocytic PP levels. Erythrocytic and fecal protoporphyrin levels decreased to the normal level one month after the discontinuation of GF administration, but the hepatic protoporphyrin level still was 53.6 times higher than the normal level two months after switching to normal feed. The values of liver function tests had returned to within the normal range after one month. By the fourth day after the administration of GF, a brown pigmented material could be observed around the hepatocytes and the Glisson sheath; the amount of this material increased day by day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
J Dermatol 1993 Sep
PMID:Experimental murine protoporphyria induced by griseofulvin (GF): the relationship between hepatic porphyrin levels and liver function test values in mice treated with GF. 822 9

We previously reported that normal human keratinocytes express muscarinic receptors, and that acetylcholine induces attachment of these cells to each other. We have now studied the ability of human keratinocytes to synthesize, secrete, and degrade acetylcholine. To detect and localize the synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase and degrading enzyme acetylcholinesterase, cultured cells and cryostat sections of normal human skin were pre-incubated with specific monoclonal antibodies and stained with an avidin-biotin complex/alkaline phosphatase. The choline acetyltransferase activity was assessed by the conversion of [3H]acetyl CoA to [3H]acetylcholine, and newly synthesized [3H]acetylcholine was detected using thin-layer chromatography. The acetylcholinesterase activity was measured spectrophotometrically. Both cholinergic enzymes were present in cultured keratinocytes, and in basal, spinous and granular epidermal cell layers. Choline acetyltransferase was visualized in the vicinity of cell nuclei, and acetylcholinesterase was observed in or near cell membranes. Newly synthesized acetylcholine was detected in both cell homogenates and culture supernatants. The estimated Vmax of the synthesis of labeled acetylcholine by homogenized keratinocytes was about 20 pmoles acetylcholine produced/mg protein/min at 37 degrees C. A single keratinocyte synthesized a mean of 2 x 10(-17) moles, and released 7 x 10(-19) moles acetylcholine per minute. Both cell homogenates and culture supernatants exhibited similar acetylcholinesterase activities indicating that human keratinocytes secrete acetylcholinesterase, too. Thus, we have demonstrated that normal human keratinocytes possess choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase, and synthesize, store, release, and degrade acetylcholine. Because human keratinocytes can also respond to acetylcholine, we believe that keratinocyte acetylcholine works in the epidermis as a local hormone.
J Invest Dermatol 1993 Jul
PMID:Human keratinocytes synthesize, secrete, and degrade acetylcholine. 833 Dec 94

This study was designed to analyse IgE and its related phenomena in bullous pemphigoid (BP). We analysed 17 BP sera by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and immunoblotting (IB) using a monoclonal antibody to IgE. In addition, inflammatory cells in lesional skin from 11 patients with BP were analysed by the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technique using monoclonal antibodies to IgE and Fc epsilon RII/CD23. IgE class anti-basement membrane zone (BMZ) autoantibody was detected in nine of 17 sera (52.9%) by IIF. IgG class anti-BMZ antibody could block the BMZ-binding reactivity of IgE class antibody. Titres of IgE class autoantibody in the sera ranged from 1:40 to 1:320, and statistically correlated with serum IgE levels. Two of 11 sera contained an IgE class autoantibody which recognized a 230-kDa BP antigen by IB. By radio-allergosorbent test (RAST), IgE-specific antibodies to an extended series of common inhalant and food allergens were detectable in six sera with high concentrations of total IgE (over 3,300 IU/ml). IgE-bearing and Fc epsilon RII-expressing cells were demonstrated in the upper dermis and along the BMZ in seven of 11 biopsy specimens by the APAAP technique. The distribution and number of IgE-bearing cells in the lesions were similar to those of the Fc epsilon RII-expressing cells. These results suggest that both IgE-mediated immune responses and autoimmunity characterize BP as distinctive features.
Br J Dermatol 1993 Apr
PMID:IgE and its related phenomena in bullous pemphigoid. 849 49

It has been suggested that T lymphocytes expressing gamma delta T-cell receptors could play an important role in defence against some intracellular infectious pathogens. The present study was undertaken to characterize the occurrence and variable delta gene expression of T lymphocytes expressing the gamma delta T-cell receptor in oriental cutaneous leishmaniasis. Eleven cases of oriental cutaneous leishmaniasis were investigated by immunohistological analysis using an alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technique. In three cases, we observed an increased percentage of gamma delta T cells (about 20% of CD3+ cells). In these cases gamma delta T cells generally expressed the V delta 2 segment, and only rarely the V delta 1 gene product. V delta 2+ cells were predominantly localized in the dermis, and were virtually absent in the epidermal compartment. The rare gamma delta T cells observed in the epidermis were almost exclusively V delta 1+. This study demonstrates that an increase of gamma delta T cells may be found in oriental cutaneous leishmaniasis, although it is not a constant feature of the disease. The finding of a preferential expansion of the V delta 2 subset suggests that this subpopulation of gamma delta T cells might be selectively involved in the recognition of Leishmania antigens. The distinct compartmentalization of gamma delta T-cell subpopulations indicates that these subsets may recognize distinct sets of antigens.
Br J Dermatol 1993 Apr
PMID:Gamma delta T lymphocytes in oriental cutaneous leishmaniasis: occurrence and variable delta gene expression. 849 51


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