Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The enzyme TEM beta-lactamase constitutes a versatile gene-fusion marker for studies on membrane proteins and protein export in bacteria. The mature form of this normally periplasmic enzyme displays readily detectable and distinctly different phenotypes when localized to the bacterial cytoplasm versus the periplasm, and thus provides a useful alternative to alkaline phosphatase for probing the topology of cytoplasmic membrane proteins. Cells producing translocated forms of beta-lactamase can be directly selected as ampicillin-resistant colonies, and consequently a beta-lactamase fusion approach can be used for positive selection for export signals, and for rapid assessment of whether any protein expressed in Escherichia coli inserts into the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. The level of ampicillin resistance conferred on a cell by an extracytoplasmic beta-lactamase derivative depends on its level of expression, and therefore a beta-lactamase fusion approach can be used to directly select for increased yields of any periplasmic or membrane-bound gene products expressed in E. coli.
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PMID:Beta-lactamase as a probe of membrane protein assembly and protein export. 207 55

One of a number of large nocardioform plasmids previously obtained by a primarily genetic approach was reduced in size to about approximately 11 kb. This smaller plasmid possessed determinants for resistance to sodium arsenate and sodium arsenite, as well as immunity to nocardiophage Q4. It was joined to an Escherichia coli-positive selection vector constructed by M. Zabeau and colleagues, which had the EcoR1 endonuclease gene placed under the control of the PR promoter of lambda as well as a bla determinant. The resulting shuttle vector of about 14.6 kb was maintained in E. coli and in several strains of Rhodococcus. The vector was efficient in cloning DNA without prior alkaline phosphatase treatment, as a result of the presence of the positive selection function. This function was not significantly expressed in Rhodococcus, and the presence of the nocardioform resistance determinants led to no increase in arsenate or arsenite resistance in E. coli. The presence of the bla gene resulted in an increase of about threefold in ampicillin resistance in Rhodococcus strains.
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PMID:Nocardioform arsenic resistance plasmids and construction of Rhodococcus cloning vectors. 221 74

A patient with multiple, pyogenic hepatic abscesses is described, and the pathophysiology, etiologies, clinical and laboratory manifestations, and management of the disease are reviewed. A 55-year-old man with a history of ethanol abuse and pancreatitis developed fever, chills, general malaise, and right upper quadrant abdominal pain two weeks before hospitalization. Baseline laboratory and hematology results included serum albumin concentration, 3.2 g/dL; serum alkaline phosphatase concentration, 239 mIU/mL; total serum bilirubin concentration, 1.3 mg/dL; white blood cell count, 18,400/cu mm; red blood cell count, 4.7 million/cu mm; hemoglobin, 12.5 g/dL; and hematocrit, 38.8%. Abdominal ultrasound showed echo-free cavities throughout the hepatic parenchyma; abdominal computed-tomography (CT) scan showed hepatomegaly and multiple radiolucent spaces. CT-guided needle aspiration of a hepatic mass yielded purulent material that grew Fusobacterium necrophorum under anaerobic conditions. On day 7, the patient was started on i.v. ampicillin sodium-sulbactam sodium. A CT scan two weeks later showed a reduction in the number and sizes of abscesses. The patient continued i.v. therapy for one month, then was discharged on a regimen of p.o. amoxicillin trihydrate-clavulanate potassium. Hepatic abscesses are either amebic or pyogenic; the latter usually has a higher mortality. The etiologies of pyogenic hepatic abscesses include ascending cholangitis, portal vein bacteremia, systemic bacteremia, extension from a contiguous focus of infection, and trauma. Diagnosis is difficult and relies highly on clinical suspicion. Clinical symptoms include hepatomegaly, fever, chills, and malaise. Abnormal laboratory values include leukocytosis, anemia, and hypoalbuminemia. The abscesses are frequently polymicrobial; Escherichia coli is the most commonly isolated species. CT is the best radiological technique for diagnosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Ampicillin-sulbactam therapy for multiple pyogenic hepatic abscesses. 229 77

The most common diagnoses of transhepatic cholangiography (THC) among 58 surgical patients were pancreatic adenocarcinoma, choledocholithiasis and cholangiocarcinoma. THC was complicated in 17 of 58 patients or 18 of 68 attempts due to bacteremia or fever in four, subcapsular hematoma in two and Ring catheter shearing and apical pneumothorax in one each. THC related deaths occurred in four patients. In uncomplicated THC, the mean hematocrit value decreased from 35.9 +/- 5.8 (n = 39) to 34.1 +/- 4.8 (n = 39) (p less than 0.02). Of THC attempts, 8.8 per cent failed; before THC, ultrasonography (UTZ) in most of these showed no dilation of the bile ducts. THC showing dilated ducts had a significantly higher (p less than 0.01) bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels (14.8 +/- 8.7 milligrams per cent, n = 46 and 414 +/- 283.9 units, n = 46) compared with the THC showing no dilation (5.29 +/- 5.45 milligrams per cent, n = 13 and 235 +/- 294.1 units, n = 13). Of the 30 patients given ampicillin and gentamicin before THC, only three had bacteremia develop; two of six who were untreated and nine of 47 of those pretreated with other antibiotics had bacteremia develop. Of seven instances of stones of the common bile duct found at operation, computed tomography diagnosed zero of seven; UTZ, two of seven, and THC, seven of seven. No THC gave a misleading diagnosis. Eighteen palliative transhepatic drains were attempted with the THC (15 successfully). A significant (p less than 0.01) 50 per cent decrease in the bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels were obtained by catheter drainage but neither test returned to normal. THC is not a benign procedure and should be done only if bilirubin or alkaline phosphatase, or both, are elevated above 5 milligrams per cent and 200 units, respectively, and UTZ shows dilated biliary ducts. Pretreatment with antibiotics and operating room availability are important to limit THC morbidity.
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PMID:Patient selection and complications of transhepatic cholangiography. 244 23

beta-Lactamases which hydrolyze the amide bonds of beta-lactam rings of penicillins and cephalosporins are widely distributed among microorganisms and play an important role in microbial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. These enzymes have been classified into penicillinase-type and cephalosporinase-type on the basis of their substrate specificity. Several clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH) were shown to be ampicillin-resistant and found to contain the penicillinase-type of beta-lactamase. Escherichia coli NTUH 9501-1 was chosen for further genetic analysis by recombinant DNA technology. DNAs from NTUH 9501-1 were isolated and digested with Pst I. The cellular DNA fragments were then joined with the vector DNA fragments derived from pHC 79 cosmid by Pst I digestion and followed by calf intestine alkaline phosphatase treatment. The recombinant cosmid DNAs were transfected and propagated in the wild type of E. coli DH 5. The transduced cells were selected on the basis of growth on LB plates containing ampicillin. The recombinant cosmid DNAs were re-isolated from the transductant cells and digested with Pst I. The cellular DNA fragments isolated by gel electrophoresis were able to transform DH 5 (amp(s)) to amp(r) cells. The results suggested that transposon-like DNA sequences coding for the ampicillinase-type of beta-lactamases were responsible for the penicillin resistance in E. coli NTUH 9501-1.
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PMID:Penicillinase-type of beta-lactamase responsible for the ampicillin resistance in Escherichia coli NTUH 9501-1. 266 67

Spontaneous mutants of Escherichia coli characterized by the overproduction of two periplasmic proteins, beta-lactamase and alkaline phosphatase were isolated. Such olp (Overproduction of beta-Lactamase and alkaline Phosphatase) mutants were selected for growth in the presence of ampicillin and were identified on the basis of their increased content in alkaline phosphatase activity. Phenotypic analysis of olp mutants (resistance to bacteriophages and colicins) suggest that the organisation of their envelope has been deeply modified. Analysis of their cell envelope protein composition indicated that most mutants have a decreased content of porin proteins OmpF and OmpC. These mutations were mapped near the mtl locus, at minute 81 of the bacterial genetic map.
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PMID:[Isolation and preliminary characterization of mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 overproducers of 2 exported proteins: beta-lactamase and alkaline phosphatase]. 314 21

The combined enzymological investigation including determination of the total activity of asparagine transaminase and alanine transaminase, two serum enzymes, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, acetyl cholinesterase, and butyryl cholinesterase was applied to two groups of pregnant women with pyelonephritis treated with ampicillin (12 patients) and roscillin (14 patients). The investigation was performed at the following stages: before the treatment, on the 7th and on the 12th day of the treatment. No statistically significant differences in the average values of the activity of the above enzymes at these stages were observed in patients of the both groups which indicated the absence of the hepatotoxic effect of the preparations on the patients of a group as a whole. An increase in the levels of transaminases recorded in some patients after discontinuation of the treatment course was evident of a possible cytotoxic effect of the drugs without the signs of cholestasis. The effect was connected with the initial functional renal insufficiency.
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PMID:[Enzymological evaluation of the hepatotoxicity of ampicillin and its therapeutic form, roscillin, in the treatment of pyelonephritis in pregnancy]. 399 43

Cefotaxime, a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic, was evaluated in 26 infants and children for the treatment of documented or suspected bacterial infections, including pneumonia (10 cases), soft tissue skin infection (13 cases), and urinary tract infection (3 cases). An average daily dose of 60 mg/kg in 3 to 4 divided doses was administered parenterally for an average of 7 days. In 14 of the cases, primary pathogens, including Haemophilus influenzae b (resistant to ampicillin), Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, were eradicated. Clinical recovery occurred in each case. Blood levels at different time intervals and biological half-life were similar to those reported for adults. Mild and transient side effects observed were elevation of SGOT in two cases, alkaline phosphatase in one, and eosinophilia in one case.
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PMID:Evaluation of cefotaxime in bacterial infections. 632 Oct 80

Periplasmic-leaky mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 were isolated after nitrosoguanidine-induced mutagenesis. They released periplasmic enzymes into the extracellular medium. Excretion of alkaline phosphatase, which started immediately in the early exponential phase of growth, could reach up to 90% of the total enzyme production in the stationary phase. Leaky mutants were sensitive to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, cholic acid, and the antibiotics rifampin, chloramphenicol, mitomycin C, and ampicillin. Furthermore, they were resistant to colicin E1 and partially resistant to phage TuLa. Their genetic characterization showed that the lky mutations mapped between the suc and gal markers, near or in the tolPAB locus. A biochemical analysis of cell envelope components showed that periplasmic-leaky mutants contained reduced amounts of major outer membrane protein OmpF and increased amounts of a 16,000-dalton outer membrane protein.
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PMID:Genetic and biochemical characterization of periplasmic-leaky mutants of Escherichia coli K-12. 700 81

Neonates, especially preterms, are known to have low glomerular filtration rates (GFR). This may result in elevated trough concentrations during multiple administration of aminoglycosides (AGs), potentially leading to nephro- and ototoxic reactions. The once-daily administration (q.d.) of AGs has been shown to be equally or better tolerated in adults and children than the conventional schedules (twice daily, b.i.d.; thrice daily, t.i.d.), while offering potential pharmacodynamic and nursing advantages. No data, however, are available for neonates. As a consequence, this pilot study was conducted in order to assess the tolerance of the once-a-day administration of amikacin in comparison with the twice daily dose regimen, in relation to the pharmacokinetics of the drug under these two schedules. 22 Male neonates (gestational age > or = 34 weeks; postnatal age < or = 2 days) were randomized to receive amikacin (AK) (15 mg/kg/day) q.d. (n = 10) or b.i.d. (n = 12) together with ampicillin (50 mg/kg/12 h). AK plasma levels were measured at days 1, 3, 5 and 7 of treatment just before the next dose (trough level) and 1 h after completion of infusion (peak level) and after 3 and 6 h only at day 1. Due to the small size of the samples, no difference in efficacy could be assessed and was not the aim per se. Glomerular dysfunction was assessed by creatinine clearance, and tubular injuries by the urinary excretion of proteins (retinol binding protein, beta 2-microglobulin, clara cell protein (P1) and microalbumin), enzymes (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminopeptidase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase), and total phospholipids (TPL) in urine. Ototoxicity was assessed by brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) at days 0, 3 and 9 of therapy. Eight healthy neonates served as controls. All patients showed a normal and similar increase of GFR during the first postnatal days. Proteinuria did not increase, but enzymuria and TPL increased significantly during the treatment in both AK groups without significant difference between groups. BAEPs at day 9 were not significantly different between treated and untreated patients. We conclude from this pilot study that, in the absence of more toxicity, the q.d. administration of AK in neonates of > or = 34 weeks of gestational age may be recommended over its bid schedule in view of its potential advantages.
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PMID:Once-a-day administration of amikacin in neonates: assessment of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. 782 57


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