Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 30 children with malabsorption syndrome caused by cow's milk and gluten intolerance, disaccharidase activity in jejunal mucosa was determined. A statistically significant decrease of lactose and alkaline phosphatase < 3rd percentile was found which coresponded to the degree of intestinal villous atrophy. In those children temporary exclusion of lactose from food products is recommended.
...
PMID:The disaccharidase activity of jejunal mucosa in children with malabsorption syndrome caused by food intolerance. 877 98

To investigate what factors lead to rapid postnatal tissue growth and functional maturation in the newborn intestine, we compared intestinal tissue mass and digestive enzyme activities between newborn unsuckled piglets and piglets bottle fed for 3 days with either 5% lactose solution, intact porcine colostrum or trypsinized porcine colostrum. Bottle feeding of colostrum or trypsinized colostrum, but not lactose solution, led to a significant increase in the weight and length of the small intestine (p < 0.01) and a significant increase in the mucosal weight of the large intestine (p < 0.05). The mucosal protein content in the small and large intestine and the mucosal DNA content in the large intestine increased significantly following 3 days of bottle feeding of porcine colostrum or trypsinized colostrum. The total mucosal DNA contents in the small intestine of piglets fed colostrum or trypsinized colostrum were, respectively, 39 and 64% greater than that in the newborn unsuckled piglets. Intestinal digestive enzymes showed a differential response to the dietary treatment. Bottle feeding of intact porcine colostrum, but not trypsinized porcine colostrum led to a significant increase in lactase- and alkaline phosphatase-specific activities in the small intestine, while bottle feeding of lactose solution led to a significant decrease in the specific activity of lactase. In contrast, the specific activity of maltase in the small intestine increased significantly with age irrespective of dietary treatment. These results indicate that genetic and dietary factors are involved in regulating postnatal intestinal development, and porcine colostrum contains a trypsin-labile component which can increase lactase and alkaline phosphatase activities in the newborn intestine.
...
PMID:Effects of colostrum feeding on intestinal development in newborn pigs. 900 95

Proteins can be remarkably tolerant of major mutational changes. Sites that accomodate large insertions without loss of function ("permissive" sites) appear generally to correspond to surface regions at which the added sequences do not disrupt overall folding. The identification of such sites can aid in the engineering of functional derivatives of a protein with novel properties. To screen for permissive sites, we developed a simple two-step procedure for generating 31-codon insertions in cloned genes. In a first step, a beta-galactosidase or alkaline phosphatase gene fusion is generated by insertion of a transposon derivative into the target gene. Requiring beta-galactosidase or alkaline phosphatase activity fixes the translational reading frame of the transposon relative to the target gene. In a second step, most of the transposon sequences are excised in vitro, leaving the in-frame insertion. Insertions may be targeted either to cytoplasmic or exported protein sequences, and the inserted sequence acts as an epitope in a variety of proteins. As a test case, a set of 31-codon insertions in the Escherichia coli lac permease gene was generated. The lactose transport activities of the mutant proteins followed a simple pattern: most of the proteins (10/12) with insertions in sequences thought to face the cytoplasm or periplasm were at least partially active, whereas all proteins (9/9) with insertions in membrane-spanning sequences were inactive. The only exceptions were two inactive proteins with insertions in the third cytoplasmic region. Most of the inactive proteins were detected at reduced levels in cells, presumably due to proteolytic breakdown. These studies thus illustrate the use of the new method to identify permissive sites and help document the remarkable sequence flexibility of many of the hydrophilic loops in lac permease. In addition to screening for permissive sites, 31-codon insertion mutagenesis may be useful in epitope-tagging proteins at multiple internal positions, in analyzing membrane protein topology, and in dissecting structure-function relationships in proteins.
...
PMID:A simple screen for permissive sites in proteins: analysis of Escherichia coli lac permease. 909 23

The present study was designed to investigate whether enhanced bone formation due to intermittent PTH administration is dependent on vitamin D metabolites. Forty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups: 1) vitamin D-sufficient, saline-injected (+D Sal); 2) vitamin D-sufficient, human (h) PTH-(1-38)-treated (+D PTH); 3) vitamin D-deficient, saline-injected (-D Sal); and 4) vitamin D-deficient, hPTH-(1-38)-treated (-D PTH) animals. The -D diet contained 2% calcium (Ca), 1.25% phosphorus (P), and 20% lactose to maintain normocalcemia and normophosphatemia despite vitamin D deficiency. The +D diet contained 0.8% Ca, 0.5% P, 20% lactose, and 1000 IU/kg vitamin D. After 45 days of either diet, the rats were injected with 50 microg/kg BW PTH or saline, s.c., daily for 2 weeks. Serum Ca, Mg, P, albumin, and creatinine were similar in all groups. PTH administration decreased endogenous PTH concentrations in the -D PTH compared with those in the - D Sal group. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity, bone mass measurements, dual energy x-ray absortiometric analysis of mineral density, and mechanical testing values in vertebrae and femora of the -D Sal animals did not significantly differ from those in +D Sal animals. Moreover, in both diet groups, PTH improved bone biochemical activity (as assessed by serum alkaline phosphatase), bone mass, mineral density, and biomechanical properties. These results indicate that mineral supply, more than vitamin D itself, may be important for normal bone mineralization and to enable PTH to enhance bone formation. A balance study performed during the last 3 days of the experiment revealed that PTH increased apparent intestinal magnesium absorption in the +D group only. Ca and P retention, however, were augmented in both diet groups after PTH treatment. In conclusion, in normocalcemic and normophosphatemic -D rats, PTH treatment reduced the increased endogenous hormone concentration and improved Ca and P retention. Furthermore, PTH may have a vitamin D-dependent influence on intestinal magnesium absorption. Finally, short term PTH treatment is anabolic in bone of vitamin D-deficient rats when adequate mineral amounts are provided in the diet.
...
PMID:Parathyroid hormone increases bone formation and improves mineral balance in vitamin D-deficient female rats. 916 35

Twenty male Wistar rats, weighing 150 g, were placed in metabolic cages on a 30% sucrose diet for 7 days, before allocation to two groups: a control group (n = 5) and a lactose group (n = 15). They received respectively a 30% sucrose diet or a 30% lactose diet for 8 weeks, each containing 0.67% calcium and 0.38% phosphorus. After 4 (T1) and 8 (T2) weeks, the serum calcium (Ca) and citrate levels were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in rats fed the lactose diet. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was increased in the lactose group (P < 0.01) at T1 and T2. The lactose-rich diet induced an increase in urinary Ca excretion at T1 and T2; citrate excretion was only enhanced at T2 (P < 0.001). No difference between the two groups was observed in urinary oxalate (Ox) excretion or creatinine clearance. Crystalluria analysis revealed a marked number (>300/mm3 at T1 and T2) of calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals (COD) in rats fed the lactose-rich diet, whereas no COD crystals were observed in sucrose-fed control rats at any time point. The formation of COD crystals in lactose-fed rats was related to an increase in calcium oxalate (CaOx) product (pCaOx), which was respectively 12.6 vs 3.9 at T1 and 10.5 vs 1.8 at T2, and an increase in CaOx ratio (Ca/Ox), which was 99.1 vs 7.5 and 67.5 vs 18.5 at T1 and T2, respectively. The high pCaOx and Ca/Ox ratios in the lactose group were due to hypercalciuria, in agreement with the number and the type of crystals. The present experimental model confirms that the ingestion of a 30% lactose diet increases urinary Ca excretion without changing urinary Ox excretion and shows for the first time that it induces a stable and marked crystalluria composed of COD. Such a non-nephrotoxic and stable model is of interest for the study of CaOx crystal formation secondary to hypercalciuria, and thus afterwards eventually for CaOx nephrolithiasis.
...
PMID:A stable animal model of diet-induced calcium oxalate crystalluria. 953 98

Histochemical studies of enzyme activities and structural elements in Gyrodactylus derjavini Mikailov, 1975 parasitizing fins of Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum were conducted. Marked activities of non-specific esterase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and amino-peptidase were found in the intestinal caeca of the parasite. A strong activity of acetylcholinesterase was seen in the nervous system. Extraintestinal non-specific and eserine-sulphate resistant esterase was localized in the distal part of the hamulus sheath. Activities of peroxidase and glucuronidase were not detected. In the embryo, developing hamuli were enclosed in a sheath rich in phospholipids. Deposits of neutral lipids were sparse. The fully developed ventral and dorsal hamulus bars stained strongly for calcium. Lectin binding assays showed a mannose rich region in the cephalic duct openings, strong reactions for galactose in the glycocalyx whereas reactions for lactose were weak. These findings are discussed with respect to the parasite-host relationship.
...
PMID:Histochemical characteristics of Gyrodactylus derjavini parasitizing the fins of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 986 92

Here, we report the construction and characterization of dual reporters, consisting of both an Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (AP) gene and an alpha-fragment of the beta-galactosidase (BG) gene, for studying membrane protein topology by the gene fusion approach. Each of the reporters, when fused to periplasmic domains of polytopic proteins, produces fusions with high AP activity and, when fused to cytoplasmic domains, produces fusions with high BG activity in E. coli strains capable of alpha-complementation. The dual nature of these reporters simplifies interpretation of data obtained with poorly expressed fusions and allows one to evaluate the reliability of topological data. Deleterious effects resulting from the cell's attempt to export the full-length BG are eliminated in this approach. We describe dual indicator plates that allow for discrimination between colonies bearing cytoplasmic fusions, periplasmic fusions, and no fusions. We have generated a set of fusions to the topologically well-studied lactose permease of E. coli and demonstrated that topological information generated by these new reporters is in good agreement with the existing model. We used this new methodology for the determination of membrane topology of the Rickettsia prowazekii ATP/ADP translocase (Tlc). Our results were in agreement with the proposed in silico topological model in which Tlc traverses the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli 12 times with its N and C termini facing the cytoplasm.
...
PMID:Membrane topology of the Rickettsia prowazekii ATP/ADP translocase revealed by novel dual pho-lac reporters. 991 92

We have identified and characterized an Enterococcus faecalis alkaline phosphatase (AP, encoded by phoZ). The predicted gene product shows homology with alkaline phosphatases from a variety of species; it has especially high similarity with two alkaline phosphatases from Bacillus subtilis. Expression of phoZ in Escherichia coli, E. faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus [GBS]), or Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus [GAS]) produces a blue-colony phenotype on plates containing a chromogenic substrate, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate (XP or BCIP). Two tests were made to determine if the activity of the enzyme is dependent upon the enzyme's subcellular location. First, elimination of the signal sequence reduced AP activity to 3% of the wild-type activity (or less) in three species of gram-positive bacteria. Restoration of export, using the signal sequence from C5a peptidase, restored AP activity to at least 50% of that of the wild type. Second, we engineered two chimeric proteins in which AP was fused to either a periplasmic domain or a cytoplasmic domain of lactose permease (a membrane protein). In E. coli, the periplasmic fusion had 17-fold-higher AP activity than the cytoplasmic fusion. We concluded that AP activity is export dependent. The signal sequence deletion mutant, phoZDeltass, was used to identify random genomic fragments from GBS that encode exported proteins or integral membrane proteins. Included in this set of fragments were genes that exhibited homology with the Rib protein (a cell wall protein from GBS) or with DppB (an integral membrane protein from GAS). AP acts as a reporter enzyme in GBS, GAS, and E. faecalis and is expected to be useful in a variety of gram-positive bacteria.
...
PMID:Characterization of Enterococcus faecalis alkaline phosphatase and use in identifying Streptococcus agalactiae secreted proteins. 1048 22

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of severe protein-energy malnutrition on the antioxidant defense system in the small and large intestine in rats at weaning. Chronic diarrhea and the subsequent malnutrition were induced by oral intake of a lactose-enriched diet. Twenty rats were weaned at 21 days of age, and the control group was fed a semipurified synthetic diet for two weeks. The malnourished group was fed the same diet but carbohydrates were replaced by lactose, and they developed diarrhea one day after. Rats were killed, and macroscopic and histological features were analyzed, DNA content was measured, and alkaline phosphatase, myeloperoxidase, and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activities were determined to assess the degree of intestinal injury. Glutathione levels as well as the activities of intestinal glutathione transferase, glutathione reductase, total glutathione peroxidase, selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were measured to study the antioxidant defense system. Malnourished rats showed loss of body weight and an increase in length and weight in jejunum and ileum, while no significant changes were observed in colon. Epithelial cells showed fewer and shorter microvilli, larger mitochondria with low inner density and loss of cristae, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. The protein-to-DNA ratio was higher in the jejunum, ileum, and colon of malnourished rats. Glutathione levels decreased 40% in jejunum and 50% in colon of malnourished rats. A 40-50% decrease in the activity of all the enzymes of the antioxidant defense system was observed in the jejunum and ileum of malnourished rats, while only catalase and glutathione transferase activities decreased 50% in colon. These results suggest that early chronic diarrhea and severe protein-energy malnutrition impair the antioxidant defense system in both the small and large intestine, which may have a role in the pathogenesis and maintenance of the vicious circle of malabsorption-diarrhea-malnutrition in infancy.
...
PMID:Chronic diarrhea impairs intestinal antioxidant defense system in rats at weaning. 1111 81

The addition of CO2 to raw milk and dairy products controls the growth of psychrotrophic bacteria at refrigeration temperatures. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dissolved CO2 in milk on the performance of four important routine testing methods: antibiotic residue test, freezing point test, infrared milk component analysis, and alkaline phosphatase test. Raw or pasteurized whole milk was carbonated at <4 degrees C to contain approximately 0 (control), 200, 400, 600, and 1000 ppm of CO2. The addition of CO2 to raw milk up to 1000 ppm had no effect on the performance of the three antibiotic (beta-lactams) residue tests: IDEXX SNAP, Charm II Sequential Tablet, and Delvo-P Ampule. Milk freezing point decreased linearly with increasing concentration of dissolved CO2, from -0.543 degrees H (control) to -0.595 degrees H (1000 ppm). Carbonation to 1000 ppm decreased milk pH (measured at 38 degrees C) from 6.61 (control) to 6.15 (1000 ppm). The effects of CO2 on milk freezing point and pH were reversible upon removal of dissolved CO2. Increased CO2 levels in milk changed the infrared absorption spectrum of milk and caused the corrected lactose readings to decrease and the corrected fat B readings to increase. For the alkaline phosphatase tests, 0 (none), 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% raw milk were deliberately added to pasteurized milks of six levels of carbonation (0 to 1000 ppm). The addition of CO2 did not influence the ability of Fluorophos, Charm PasLite, and Scharer Modified Rapid tests to differentiate between a pasteurized milk and a pasteurized milk with raw milk contamination.
...
PMID:Impact of CO2 addition to milk on selected analytical testing methods. 1157 74


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Next >>

---