Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Adult bone marrow contains mesenchymal stem cells (bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; BMSCs) which contribute to the generation of mesenchymal tissue such as bone, cartilage, muscle and adipose. However, using bone marrow as a source of stem cells has the limitation of a low cell number. An alternate source of adult stem cells that could be obtained in large quantities, under local anesthesia, with minimal discomfort would be advantageous. Human adipose tissue obtained by liposuction was processed to obtain a fibroblast-like population of cells or adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ATSCs). In this study, we compared the osteogenic differentiation of ATSCs with that of BMSCs. Both cell types were cultured in atelocollagen honeycomb-shaped scaffolds with a membrane seal (ACHMS scaffold) for three-dimensional culturing in a specific osteogenic induction medium. Optimal osteogenic differentiation in both cell types, as determined by alkaline phosphatase cytochemistry, secretion of osteocalcin, mineral (calcium phosphate) deposition and scanning electron microscopy, was obtained with the same three-dimensional culture. Furthermore, osteoblastic lining in vivo was examined using ATSC-seeded or BMSC-seeded scaffolds in nude mice. The present results show that ATSCs have a similar ability to differentiate into osteoblasts to that of BMSCs.
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PMID:Osteogenic potential of human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells as an alternative stem cell source. 1555 Jul 55

Halothane is an important human and veterinary anesthetic, which produces free radicals during biotransformation. Occasionally, these free radicals may cause hepatic injury, especially in case of multiple halothane exposures over short periods. Vitamin C may protect cellular lipids and lipoproteins against oxidative damage by the free radicals. This study investigated the effects of vitamin C on liver enzymes and other biochemical parameters in rats anesthetized with halothane. One group of rats was used as a control, and saline (0.9% NaCl) was injected intraperitoneally into these animals as a placebo. The second group of rats was used as an anesthesia control group and was only anesthetized by halothane for 2 h. The third group was anesthetized by halothane and injected vitamin C intraperitoneally. Activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes were significantly increased (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively) by halothane anesthesia, but decreased (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively) with administration of vitamin C. Concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, total bilirubin and creatinine were statistically affected (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.05, and p < 0.01, respectively) by injection of vitamin C. Values of erythrocyte counts, packet cell volumes, hemoglobin concentration, leukocyte counts, rates of neutrophils and lymphocytes were significantly affected (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively) by halothane anesthesia. The values of erythrocyte counts, leukocyte counts, neutrophil and lymphocyte rates were significantly decreased (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively) with administration of vitamin C. Based upon these results, vitamin C may play an important role in the prevention of hepatic cellular injury inflicted by halothane anesthesia.
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PMID:Effects of vitamin C on liver enzymes and biochemical parameters in rats anesthetized with halothane. 1590 86

This study examined the mechanism governing the occurrence of defect layers of incisor dentine in Mg-deficient rats by X-ray microanalysis. Young (5 weeks of age) Wistar male rats were pair-fed semi-synthetic diets containing either control (0.05% Mg) (N = 8) or Mg-deficient (0.001% Mg) (N = 8) ingredients for 17 days. All animals were time marked with a combination of 0.1 mol nitrilotriacetato lead and 0.1 mol nitrilotriacetato zinc (2mg Pb/kg body weight) on days 0, 7 and 14 into incisor dentine. Blood samples were obtained on days 10 and 17 in order to measure Ca, Mg, P and alkaline phosphatase activity levels in serum; moreover, hypomagnesaemia and hypercalcaemia were confirmed. After the 17th day, rats were sacrificed humanely under anaesthesia and mandibular incisors were removed. Dentine formation of right mandibular incisors was assessed (time marking lines); furthermore, Ca, P, Mg and sulphur (S) concentrations as well as Ca/P molar ratio were determined in left mandibular incisors based on contiguous measurement points at 2 microm intervals from dentine pulp to dentine of the lingual aspect via X-ray analysis. Additionally, proteoglycan distribution was observed in other Mg-deficient rat dentine. These findings demonstrated decreases in body weight, incisor formation and incisor length in Mg-deficient rats. Mg and S levels increased in the defect layers, whereas proteoglycan decreased. This phenomenon was possibly attributable to condensation of Mg and S contents consequent to decreased dentine formation during Mg-deficiency and a transient increase in Mg due to transport of Mg as a result of inhibition of cell proliferation in soft tissues.
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PMID:Distributions of magnesium and sulphur in defect layers of incisor dentine in magnesium-deficient rats. 1595 3

The aim of this study was to assess the dynamics of osteoclast migration and the degradation of unmineralized extracellular matrix in an osteolytic metastasis by examining a well-standardized lung cancer metastasis model of nude mice. SBC-5 human lung small carcinoma cells were injected into the left cardiac ventricle of 6-week-old BALB/c nu/nu mice under anesthesia. At 25-30 days after injection, the animals were sacrificed and their femora and/or tibiae were removed for histochemical analyses. Metastatic lesions were shown to occupy a considerable area extending from the metaphyses to the bone marrow region. Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAPase)-positive osteoclasts were found in association with an alkaline phosphatase (ALPase)-positive osteoblastic layer lining the bone surface, but could also be localized in the ALPase-negative stromal tissues that border the tumor nodules. These stromal tissues were markedly positive for osteopontin, and contained a significant number of TRAPase-positive osteoclasts expressing immunoreactivity for CD44. We thus speculated that, mediating its affinity for CD44, osteopontin may serve to facilitate osteoclastic migration after their formation associated with ALPase-positive osteoblasts. We next examined the localization of cathepsin K and matrix metallo-proteinase-9 (MMP-9) in osteoclasts. Osteoclasts adjacent to the bone surfaces were positive for both proteins, whereas those in the stromal tissues in the tumor nests showed only MMP-9 immunoreactivity. Immunoelectron microscopy disclosed the presence of MMP-9 in the Golgi apparatus and in vesicular structures at the baso-lateral cytoplasmic region of the osteoclasts found in the stromal tissue. MMP-9-positive vesicular structures also contained fragmented extracellular materials. Thus, osteoclasts appear to either select an optimized function, namely secreting proteolytic enzymes from ruffled borders during bone resorption, or recognize the surrounding extracellular matrix by mediating osteopontin/CD44 interaction, and internalize the extracellular matrices. Microsc.
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PMID:Histochemical evidence of osteoclastic degradation of extracellular matrix in osteolytic metastasis originating from human lung small carcinoma (SBC-5) cells. 1645 38

We investigated the effect of ketamine hydrochloride anesthesia on hematologic and serum biochemical values in 10 aged female bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) before and 120 min after intramuscular administration of ketamine hydrochloride (15 mg/kg body weight). Ketamine anesthesia caused significant reduction in the total leukocyte count, lymphocyte count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and serum concentrations of glucose, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, sodium, and potassium. Although the effects of ketamine hydrochloride on hematologic and serum biochemical values have been reported for most of the nonhuman primates, no literature on bonnet macaques is available. These findings will be useful in designing experiments assessing pathologic and toxicologic changes in blood and serum parameters and interpreting data obtained from aged bonnet monkeys.
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PMID:Hematologic and serum biochemical values in aged female bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride. 1654 43

Dental pulp is assumed to possess the capacity to elaborate both bone and dentin matrix under the pathological conditions following tooth injury. This study was undertaken to clarify the mechanism inducing bone formation in the dental pulp by investigating the pulpal healing process, after tooth replantation, by micro-computed tomography (mu-CT), immunocytochemistry for heat-shock protein (HSP)-25 and cathepsin K (CK), and histochemistry for both alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Under deep anesthesia, the upper right first molar of 4-week-old Wistar rats was extracted and immediately repositioned in the original socket. In control teeth at this age, the periphery of the coronal dental pulp showed intense ALP-positive and HSP-25-positive reactions, whereas there were no TRAP-positive or CK-positive cells. Tooth replantation weakened or terminated ALP-positive and HSP-25-positive reactions in the pulp tissue at the initial stages. At 3-7 days after operation, the ALP-positive region recovered from the root apex to the coronal pulp followed by HSP-25-positive reactions in successful cases showing tertiary dentin formation. In other cases, TRAP-positive and CK-positive cells appeared in the pulp tissue of the replanted tooth at postoperative days 5-10 and remained associated with the bone tissue after 12-60 days. Immunoelectron microscopy clearly demonstrated that CK-positive osteoclast-lineage cells made contact with mesenchymal cells with prominent nucleoli and well-developed cell organelles. These data suggest that the appearance of TRAP-positive and CK-positive cells is involved in the induction of bone tissue formation in dental pulp.
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PMID:Histochemical and immunocytochemical study of hard tissue formation in dental pulp during the healing process in rat molars after tooth replantation. 1659 94

Twelve healthy two-month-old Landrace x Yorkshire pigs of both sexes were randomly assigned to receive either tiletamine and xylazine (zx) or zolazepam and xylazine followed 20 minutes later by yohimbine (zxy). The pigs' scores for immobilisation and analgesia, and their rectal temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, pO(2), pCO(2), alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose and total plasma proteins were determined before and five, 25, 45, 65 and 85 minutes after the administration of the tiletamine/zolazepam and xylazine. The mean total scores for immobilisation and analgesia of the zxy pigs were significantly lower than those of the zx pigs after 85 minutes. The mean rectal temperatures of the zxy pigs were significantly lower than those of zx pigs after 25, 45 and 65 minutes. The mean respiratory rates of the zx pigs were significantly lower than those of zxy pigs after five minutes. The mean pCO(2) of the zxy pigs were significantly lower than those of zx pigs five minutes after the administration of yohimbine. The mean glucose concentration of the zxy pigs were significantly lower than those of zx pigs after 65 and 85 minutes. The mean concentration total protein of the zxy pigs were significantly lower than those of zx pigs throughout the period of anaesthesia. Both groups became laterally recumbent within three minutes. When recovering from anaesthesia, the pigs treated with yohimbine took significantly less time to achieve sternal recumbency (mean [sd] 52.2 [8.9] v 76.2 [20.6] minutes) and less time to be able to stand (mean [sd] 77.0 [9.8] v 98.7 [15.8] minutes), and walk (mean [sd] 81.3 [11.3] v 110.8 [18.6] minutes).
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PMID:Antagonistic effects of yohimbine in pigs anaesthetised with tiletamine/zolazepam and xylazine. 1798 41

To document the changes in serum serotonin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone levels and select biochemical parameters in response to inhalant anaesthesia, 20 New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were assigned to two treatment groups: halothane and isoflurane. Induction of anaesthesia was achieved using a face mask (3.5% halothane and 4.5% isoflurane in oxygen) followed by endotracheal intubation and maintenance of anaesthesia for 30 min (1.5% halothane and 2.5% isoflurane in oxygen). Blood samples were obtained before anaesthetic induction, and at 1, 10, 30, 60, 120 min and 24, 48 and 72 h after endotracheal intubation. Serum serotonin and corticosterone levels were measured by competitive enzyme immunoassay, ACTH by radioimmunoassay. Serum glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were measured using an automated analyser. Significant increases in serum ACTH and corticosterone levels occurred after halothane administration while serum serotonin levels did not change. An increase in serum corticosterone and serotonin levels occurred in the isoflurane group but no changes in ACTH concentrations were detected. Administration of halothane significantly increased serum glucose, ALT, AST, BUN and creatinine levels. After isoflurane administration, there was a significant increase in serum glucose, AST, BUN and creatinine levels. Based on these results, halothane stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to a greater extent than isoflurane, but isoflurane increases serum serotonin levels. Both anaesthetic agents alter select biochemical parameters. These results should be taken into account when blood samples are evaluated in treated isoflurane or halothane anaesthetized rabbits.
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PMID:Pituitary-adrenocortical axis, serum serotonin and biochemical response after halothane or isoflurane anaesthesia in rabbits. 1798 36

Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is inadequably soluble in water and is therefore formulated as a lipid emulsion. This may have disadvantages when propofol is used to provide total intravenous anaesthesia or especially during long-term sedation. There has been considerable interest in the development of new propofol formulations or propofol prodrugs. GPI 15715 or fospropofol (Aquavan injection; Guilford Pharmaceutical, Baltimore, MD) is the first water-soluble prodrug that has been thoroughly studied in human volunteers and patients. GPI 15751 or fospropofol is cleaved by alkaline phosphatase to phosphate, formaldehyde and propofol. Formaldehyde is rapidly metabolised to formate. Although a formate accumulation is the principal pathomechanism responsible for the toxicity of methanol ingestion, so far there has been no report of toxicity due to the administration of fospropofol or other phosphate ester prodrugs, such as fosphenytoin. Fosphenytoin has been successfully introduced into the market for the treatment of status epilepticus in 1996. The main side-effects were a feeling of paraesthesia after rapid i.v. administration of GPI 15715 or fospropofol, which has also been described for fosphenytoin. The pharmacokinetics of GPI 15715 or fospropofol could be described by a combined pharmacokinetic model with a submodel of two compartments for GPI 15715 and of three compartments for propofol(G). The liberated propofol(G) compared to lipid-formulated propofol showed unexpected pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences. We found a significantly greater V(c), V(dss), significantly shorter alpha- and beta-half-life and a longer MRT (mean residence time) for propofol(G). The pharmacodynamic potency of propofol(G) appears to be higher than propofol when measured by EEG and clinical signs of hypnosis. In summary, GPI 15715 or fospropofol was well suited to provide anaesthesia or conscious sedation.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GPI 15715 or fospropofol (Aquavan injection) - a water-soluble propofol prodrug. 1817 95

The klotho gene-deficient mouse is known as an animal model for an accelerated gerontic state, mimicking osteoporosis, skin atrophy, ectopic calcification, and gonadal dysplasia. To elucidate the influence of klotho deficiency on bone mineralization, we examined the ultrastructures of osteoblasts and bone matrices in addition to performing the elemental mapping of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the bone. Under anesthesia, 4- and 5-week-old klotho-deficient mice (klotho(-/-)mice) and their wild-type littermates were perfused with either 4% paraformaldehyde for light microscopic observation or 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.0125% glutaraldehyde for electron microscopic observation. The femurs and tibiae were processed for both observations. Paraffin sections were subject to alkaline phosphatase and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase histochemistry. Semithin and ultrathin sections obtained from epoxy resin-embedded specimens were used for detecting mineralization - according to von Kossa's staining method - and for elemental mapping by electron probe micro-analyzer, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase-positive plump osteoblasts adjacent to the growth plate normally developed cell organelles in the klotho(-/-)metaphyses. This, however, contrasted with the flattened osteoblasts covering the metaphyseal trabeculae and accompanied by small tartrate resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts. The wild-type mice displayed the mineralized matrix at the zone of hypertrophic chondrocyte of the growth plate and well-mineralized metaphyseal trabeculae parallel to the longitudinal axis of the bone. Alternatively, the klotho(-/-)mice demonstrated a thick mineralized matrix from the proliferative zone of the growth plate as well as the large non-mineralized area in the metaphyseal trabeculae. Consistently, electron probe micro-analysis verified sporadic distributions of higher or lower concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in each trabecule of the klotho(-/-)mice. The distribution of magnesium, however, was almost uniform. Under transmission electron microscopy, osteoblasts on the metaphyseal trabeculae displayed less-developed cell organelles in the klotho(-/-)mice. Thus, the klotho deficiency appears not only to reduce osteoblastic population, but also to disturb bone mineralization.
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PMID:Histological and elemental analyses of impaired bone mineralization in klotho-deficient mice. 1824 63


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