Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recent reports suggest that laparoscopic laser cholecystectomy may become the preferred therapy for symptomatic cholelithiasis. To assess the efficacy and safety of this technique, using monopolar electrocautery instead of laser for the gallbladder dissection, laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed on 11 pigs. Under general anesthesia, a pneumoperitoneum was established, and four sheaths were placed into the abdomen for introduction of instruments. Using video laparoscopic guidance, the cystic duct and artery were isolated, clipped, and divided. Monopolar electrocautery was used to dissect the gallbladder from its fossa. Five animals were sacrificed immediately, without visible evidence of injury to the bile ducts, liver, or intestine. The remaining six pigs were allowed to recover. One animal died 10 days postoperatively due to adhesive small bowel obstruction. The remainder survived in good health until sacrifice at 1 month. Histologic examination of the gallbladder bed and liver revealed no evidence of ongoing local hepatocyte destruction or chronic cholestasis. Cholangiography demonstrated the bile ducts to be intact. Mean (+/- SEM) total serum bilirubin (TB), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) at the time of sacrifice were similar to nonoperated swine (n = 10): TB, 0.12 +/- 0.02 versus 0.11 +/- 0.01 mg/dl; AP, 175 +/- 23 versus 162 +/- 10 IU/L; SGOT, 37 +/- 4 versus 55 +/- 7 IU/L, respectively (p > 0.05). We conclude that laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed using monopolar electrocautery without significant acute injury to the liver, bile ducts, or surrounding viscera. Furthermore, the porcine model can be utilized by surgeons to attain competence in this technique prior to instituting clinical application in humans.
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PMID:Safety and efficacy of laparoscopic cholecystectomy using monopolar electrocautery in the porcine model. 166 70

Aqueous extracts of the seeds of Nigella sativa and mature leaves of Dregea volubilis were administered orally under light ether anaesthesia to male Sprague-Dawley rats for 14 days. Key hepatic enzyme concentrations and histopathological changes in the liver in both treatment groups at the end of 14 days were compared with a control group which received distilled water under identical conditions for 30 days and with a group of normal animals. Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase concentrations were significantly increased in both extract groups while serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations were significantly increased following administration of only D. volubilis when compared with either the control or the normal group. Serum alanine aminotransferase concentrations were significantly increased in both extract groups when compared with the normal group but not with the control group. Degenerative changes in hepatocytes were seen following administration of D. volubilis while consistent significant histopathological changes were not evident following administration of N. sativa.
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PMID:Possible hepatotoxicity of Nigella sativa seeds and Dregea volubilis leaves. 167 78

Eleven infants and children presenting for daily radiotherapy for a period of at least 2 weeks were anaesthetised with isoflurane in 33% oxygen and nitrous oxide. They were unpremedicated and given no other agents to supplement anaesthesia. The average number of exposures was 24 (SD 11; range 10-39) and the total anaesthetic time per exposure varied between 15 and 30 minutes. Liver function was assessed by determining serum total bilirubin, aspartate amino transferase, gamma glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase before the start of treatment and at 5-daily intervals thereafter. There was no measurable change in any of these determinants of liver function. All children accepted daily induction of anaesthesia with isoflurane. Induction, maintenance and recovery from anaesthesia were uncomplicated.
Anaesthesia 1991 Aug
PMID:A prospective study of liver function in infants and children exposed to daily isoflurane for several weeks. 178 49

In humans Hg vapor is released from "silver" amalgam fillings that contain 50% Hg by weight. Previous studies show that when 12 such fillings are placed in sheep teeth, the kidneys will concentrate amalgam Hg at levels ranging from 5 to 10 micrograms Hg/g renal tissue 4-20 wk after placement. In the present study 12 occlusal fillings were placed in each of six adult female sheep under general anesthesia, using standard dental procedures. Glass ionomer occlusal fillings (12) were inserted in two control sheep. At several days before dental surgery, and at 30 and 60 days after placement of fillings, renal function was evaluated by plasma clearance of inulin and by plasma and urine electrolytes, urea, and proteins. An average plasma inulin clearance rate of 69.5 +/- 7.2 ml/min before amalgam placement was reduced to 32.3 +/- 8.1 ml/min by 30 days and remained low at 27.9 +/- 8.7 ml/min after 60 days. Inulin clearance did not change in controls. After amalgam placement urine concentration of albumin decreased from 93.0 +/- 20.5 to 30.1 +/- 15.3 mg/l and urine Na+ concentration increased steadily from 24.8 +/- 7.7 to 82.2 +/- 20.3 mmol/l at 60 days. Concentrations of K+, urea, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, and total protein did not change significantly from 0 to 60 days in urine. Plasma levels of Na+, K+, urea, and albumin remained unchanged from 0 to 60 days after amalgam. Renal histology remained normal in amalgam-treated animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Mercury from dental "silver" tooth fillings impairs sheep kidney function. 156 38

Ten minutes after an intravenous flooding dose of phenylalanine to rats, plasma sodium and calcium concentrations were slightly reduced (by 2-7%) but no effects on potassium or phosphate were observed. Creatine kinase activities were significantly increased by phenylalanine injection (by 39%), but alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were unaltered. Plasma concentrations of total proteins, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, creatinine and glucose were also unaffected. In the presence of anaesthesia, phenylalanine injection had almost identical effects, although the increase in creatine kinase activities did not reach statistical significance. Anaesthesia for 10 min reduced plasma potassium concentrations (by 27%), and calcium (by 5%), though phosphate and sodium were unaltered. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase were reduced by between 36-52%, but alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities were unaltered by anaesthesia. Plasma concentrations of total proteins and albumin were also reduced (both by 9%), but glucose concentrations were increased (by 33%). Anaesthesia had no other significant effects on cholesterol, triglycerides, urea or creatinine concentrations. The qualitative effects of anaesthesia in the presence of raised free phenylalanine concentrations were similar. It was concluded that, except for creatine kinase, determinations of plasma constituents in phenylalanine-injected rats could be made without overt interpretational errors. However, caution is required in interpreting data on plasma constituents from anaesthetized rats.
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PMID:Measurement of protein synthesis by the phenylalanine flooding dose technique: effect of phenylalanine and anaesthesia on plasma electrolyte, enzyme and metabolite levels. 198 47

We investigated whether anesthesia including nitrous oxide (N2O) caused hepatic injury, and whether any adverse effect of N2O was affected by patient age. One hundred patients having total hip replacements were randomly assigned to a regimen that included or excluded N2O (50%-60%) during regional anesthesia supplemented with isoflurane and intravenous adjuvants. Using postoperative plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase 1 and 3 days after surgery as indicators of hepatic impairment, we found no evidence that N2O causes hepatic injury in either young or old patients.
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PMID:Nitrous oxide does not impair hepatic function in young or old surgical patients. 224 Jun 32

Biopsy specimens of the cutaneous omobrachialis muscle were obtained from 10 horses with a problem of myositis from mild exercise. One horse had been evaluated previously and malignant hyperthermia-like contractures developed in its muscle biopsy specimen during the contracture test. In this study, the halothane-caffeine contracture test and histologic and histochemical evaluations were performed on muscle biopsy specimens. In the contracture test, no muscle biopsy specimen developed contracture in the presence of 2 or 4% halothane alone. The mean (+/- SEM) caffeine-specific concentration in the presence of halothane was 5.23 +/- 0.5 mM for 2% halothane, and 4.46 +/- 0.6 mM for 4% halothane. The caffeine-specific concentration values were not significantly different. Contracture response for any muscle specimen did not resemble contracture associated with malignant hyperthermia. The cutaneous omobrachialis muscle was composed of type-II fibers, with type-I fibers seldom seen. For 9 of the 10 horses, overall fiber morphology was normal; 1 horse had necrotic fibers. Of the 10 muscle specimens, 9 had fibers that had positive reaction for alkaline phosphatase activity; 3 muscle specimens contained ringed myofibers. Three horses of this study were administered general anesthesia; 2 were research horses, anesthetized with halothane and succinylcholine, and 1 was a clinical case given halothane anesthesia plus a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant. One research horse developed a malignant hyperthermia-like reaction to anesthesia, with severe rhabdomyolysis evident after anesthesia, and an episode of muscle cramping in its stall 2 days after anesthesia. The other 2 horses had unremarkable postanesthetic periods.
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PMID:Contracture test and histologic and histochemical analyses of muscle biopsy specimens from horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis. 232 77

Ten healthy unpremedicated male volunteers were exposed to an average inspired concentration of 3.6% desflurane (I-653) in oxygen for 89 (SD 17) min. Standard haematological and biochemical tests were performed before (control) and immediately after exposure and at 4, 24, 72 and 192 h. Liver function was assessed at these times by determining total and unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin, and plasma concentrations of aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase. Renal function was assessed by examining the urine microscopically for leucocytes, red blood cells, casts and crystals at these times, and creatinine clearance and urine concentrating ability were determined before and 24 and 72 h after exposure. Two additional and sensitive tests of renal integrity were performed before and 4 and 24 h after anaesthesia: measurement of urinary retinol-binding protein and beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase. Serum inorganic fluoride was determined immediately before and 1, 4, 24, 48, 72 and 192 h after anaesthesia. Urinary inorganic and organic fluoride concentration and excretion rate were determined before and 24, 48, and 72 h after anaesthesia. There were no significant changes in any measured haematological or biochemical variable (other than an increase in total white cell count from 5.9 (1.3) to 8.3 (1.1) x 10(9) litre-1 immediately after exposure) nor in liver or renal function tests. There was no increase in serum or urinary inorganic fluoride or urinary non-volatile organic fluoride concentrations.
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PMID:Biotransformation and hepato-renal function in volunteers after exposure to desflurane (I-653). 233 23

In brain, a major factor regulating local perfusion is local neuronal activity. However, we have recently discovered that, in rat, five days after selective neuronal destruction in the parietal cortex by local microinjections of the excitotoxin ibotenic acid, local cerebral blood flow, within the lesion, remains in the normal range. We studied whether proliferating non-neuronal cells and/or local changes in microvascular density participate to maintain local cerebral blood flow. Rats were anesthetized (halothane 1-3%), ibotenic acid (10 micrograms in 1 microliter) was locally microinjected in a restricted region of the parietal cortex, and animals were allowed to recover. Three, five, seven, 11, 30 days later local cerebral blood flow was measured autoradiographically under chloralose anesthesia (40 mg/kg, s.c.) by the [14C]iodoantipyrine technique. Cellular density or microvascular area were determined on sections stained with Thionine or processed for the endothelial marker alkaline phosphatase, respectively. Local neurons were destroyed by 24 h after microinjections of ibotenic acid. However, from three to 11 days after lesion local cerebral blood flow was unchanged (P greater than 0.05; n = 5), thereafter declining so that by 30 days blood flow was 48 +/- 6% of control (P less than 0.05; n = 5). Cellular density increased within the lesion by 17.5-fold at seven to 11 days (P less than 0.01) and declined to a 11.7-fold elevation above control at day 30 (P less than 0.01). New cells consisted of macrophages, endothelium and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes. The microvascular area increased 4.2-fold from three to 11 days (P less than 0.01). The patency of the presumably newly formed vessels was determined by the presence of intravascular red blood cells, which were revealed histochemically. The area occupied by red blood cells within cerebral microvessels, in contrast to microvascular area, did not increase until seven days after lesion, reaching a 3.2-fold increase at 11 days. Thus within the lesion, local cerebral blood flow remains constant during the phase in which cellular and microvascular density increases. The presumably newly formed vessels cannot contribute to maintain local cerebral blood flow since during this phase they are not patent; rather patency develops coincident with the decline in local cerebral blood flow. We conclude that non-neuronal cells, most likely activated macrophages, may be an important factor regulating local cerebral perfusion, after acute neuronal death.
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PMID:Maintenance of local cerebral blood flow after acute neuronal death: possible role of non-neuronal cells. 238 15

Significant decreases in magnesium (Mg) concentration and alkaline phosphatase (ALP, EC 3.1.3.1) activity in serum were seen in patients after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (Group 1), as compared with non-cardiac-surgery patients after general anesthesia (Group 2) or only spinal anesthesia (Group 3). Mean changes for Mg and ALP by the first postoperative day, compared with pre-operative baseline values, were as follows: Group 1: Mg -7.5 mg/L (-38.3%), ALP -46U/L (-48.4%); Group 2: Mg -3.3 mg/L (-17.4%), ALP -17 U/L (-16.5%); and Group 3: Mg -1.9 mg/L (-10.0%), ALP -15 U/L (-14.0%). The decreases in Mg and ALP observed in post-cardiac-surgery patients appear to be a consequence of the cardiac surgery and the cardiopulmonary bypass pump. Measurement of Mg and ALP in a subgroup of 10 cardiac-surgery patients for 10 days postoperatively showed initial decreases, with gradual recovery to near-normal values by the 10th day. That the changes in Mg and ALP seen postoperatively were not attributable to hemodilution alone was confirmed by measuring total-protein concentrations before and after operation. ALP requires Mg ion in vitro for optimal activity, but addition of Mg in the appropriate amounts to sera with low ALP activity did not restore ALP activity. The low ALP activity seen in post-cardiac surgery patients in vivo may perhaps be related to factors other than Mg that were removed by the cardiopulmonary bypass pump.
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PMID:Hypomagnesemia and low alkaline phosphatase activity in patients' serum after cardiac surgery. 270 51


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