Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Birds have evolved alternate physiologic strategies to contend with dehydration, starvation, malnutrition, and reproduction. Basic anatomic and functional differences between birds and mammals impact clinical chemistry values and their evaluation. Interpretation of the results of standard biochemical analyses, including BUN, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, gamma glutamyltransferase, bilirubin, ammonia, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, bile acids, glucose, albumin, globulins, calcium, phosphorus, prealbumin (transthyretin), fibrinogen, iron, and ferritin, is reviewed and discussed in relation to these physiological differences. The use and interpretation of alternative analytes appropriate for avian species, such as uric acid, biliverdin, glutamate dehydrogenase, and galactose clearance, also are reviewed. Normal avian urine and appropriate use of urinalysis, an integral part of laboratory diagnosis in mammalian species that frequently is omitted from avian diagnostic protocols, is discussed.
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PMID:Clinical chemistry of companion avian species: a review. 1218 2

We used modified immunocytochemical conditions to quantify a membrane form of estrogen receptor-alpha (mERalpha) in a rat pituitary tumor cell line, GH3/B6/F10. We studied the regulation of mERalpha vs. levels of intracellular ERalpha (iERalpha) using our 96-well plate immunoassay. The anti-ERalpha antibody C542 was used to label the ERalpha (via conjugated alkaline phosphatase) in fixed permeabilized (for iERalpha) vs. nonpermeabilized cells (for mERalpha). Expression of mERalpha was highest at low cell densities (<1000 cells/well) and decreased significantly at densities where cellular processes touched, whereas the more abundant iERalpha increased with increasing cell density over the same range. Serum starvation for 48 h caused increases in mERalpha, whereas iERalpha levels showed no significant changes. A large decline in mERalpha and iERalpha levels with cell passage number was observed. Minutes after nM 17beta-estradiol (E2) treatment, a portion of the cells rounded up and detached from the culture plate, whereas nM cholesterol had no such effect. Although E2 treatment did not change mERalpha levels, the antigen was reorganized from a fine particulate to aggregation into asymmetric large granules of staining. That common culturing conditions favor down-regulation of mERalpha may explain the relatively few reports of this protein in other experimental systems.
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PMID:Regulation of the membrane estrogen receptor-alpha: role of cell density, serum, cell passage number, and estradiol. 1246 56

Even though fungal phosphatases are widely used to study ambient-regulated gene expression, little is known about these enzymes in the agriculturally important genus Colletotrichum. We have therefore identified several phosphatase activities in endophytic isolates of Colletotrichum musae grown under conditions of nutritional sufficiency or starvation for sources of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), carbon (C), and sulphur (S). These enzyme forms could be distinguished by substrate specificity, optimum pH, activation and inhibition by some substances, response to nutritional starvation, and pattern of migration in native gel electrophoresis. At least four individual phosphatase activities were identified under the growth conditions employed. A pH 5.0 acid phosphatase and an Mg(2+)-dependent pH 7.5 phosphodiesterase were expressed under all growth conditions at constant rates. Under conditions of P-starvation, derepression of a major pH 6.0-acid phosphatase was observed in cell-free extracts and the culture medium. A synthesis of alkaline phosphatase activities followed a more distinct pattern. Under conditions of nutritional sufficiency of P- or N-starvation, only a single intracellular enzyme form (optimum pH 10) was observed, which was resolved as a single electrophoretic activity band. However, in media lacking C or S sources additional alkaline phosphatase forms were derepressed with a concomitant increase in the overall enzyme activity level measured at pH 10. To our knowledge, this report represents the most detailed study of phosphatases in Colletotrichum and the first partial characterization of the phosphatase system in an endophytic fungus.
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PMID:Synthesis and secretion of phosphatases by endophytic isolates of Colletotrichum musae grown under conditions of nutritional starvation. 1250 5

Although alkaline phosphatases are common in a wide variety of bacteria, there has been no prior evidence for alkaline phosphatases in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Here we report that transposon insertions in the pst operon, encoding homologues of an inorganic phosphate transporter, leads to constitutive expression of a protein with alkaline phosphatase activity. DNA sequence analysis revealed that M. smegmatis does indeed have a phoA gene that shows high homology to other phoA genes. The M. smegmatis phoA gene was shown to be induced by phosphate starvation and thus negatively regulated by the pst operon. Interestingly, the putative M. smegmatis PhoA has a hydrophobic N-terminal domain which resembles a lipoprotein signal sequence. The M. smegmatis PhoA was demonstrated to be an exported protein associated with the cell surface. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation of PhoA from [(14)C]acetate-labeled M. smegmatis cell lysates demonstrated that this phosphatase is a lipoprotein.
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PMID:Identification of a regulated alkaline phosphatase, a cell surface-associated lipoprotein, in Mycobacterium smegmatis. 1289 18

THE COMPOSITION OF ISOLATED NUCLEI AND CELL PREPARATIONS FROM TISSUES OF CALF, BEEF, HORSE, AND FOWL WAS STUDIED WITH RESPECT TO THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS: 1. Liver and kidney arginase, catalase, and uricase; pancreatic lipase and amylase; cardiac muscle myoglobin; erythrocyte hemoglobin; intestinal alkaline phospharase. These are referred to as "special" components in view of their characteristically restricted distribution reflecting the differentiated nature of the tissues in question. 2. Esterase, beta-glucuronidase, alkaline and nucleotide phosphatases, adenosine deaminase, guanase, and nucleoside phosphorylase. These are enzymes of general distribution. The differences in nuclear composition noted with respect to the "special" components, together with the broad variability in nuclear activity found for enzymes of general distribution, led to the conclusion that nuclei are differentiated structures. The following distribution was observed: 1. "Special" components: Hemoglobin was found to be present in fowl and goose erythrocyte nuclei, but myoglobin was entirely absent from heart muscle nuclei; of the special enzymes listed, only catalase and arginase appeared to be concentrated in some of the nuclei. There was no significant nuclear concentration of lipase, amylase, uricase, or alkaline phosphatase. No simple relationship was found between the concentration of a special enzyme in a tissue and its activity in the corresponding nuclei. For example, arginase activity, which is high in mammalian liver and in fowl kidney, was found in liver, not kidney, nuclei. Similarly, catalase activity was demonstrated only in mammalian liver nuclei, although, in mammals, both liver and kidney are rich sources of this enzyme. 2. Enzymes of general distribution fell into three classes: (a) Those present in low concentrations, if at all, in the nuclei-alkaline phosphatase, the nucleotide phosphatases) and beta-glucuronidase. (b) Those present in nuclei in varying concentrations-esterase. (c) Those present in high proportions in most nuclei-adenosine deaminase, nucleoside phosphorylase, and guanase. The exceptionally low nuclear activity of intestinal mucosa with respect to these enzymes was discussed in relation to physiological considerations. The response of nuclei to changes in physiological state was demonstrated by experiments on starvation. The outstanding aspect of this response was a change in nuclear enzymatic activity opposing that observed in the cytoplasm. A comparison of fetal and adult mucosa cells led to the following tentative interpretation of the observed intracellular enzyme distribution: In cells tending to moribundity, as in those subjected to starvation, relative nuclear enzymatic activity falls. The occurrence of special enzymes in nuclei was considered in terms of differentiation, and the high nuclear concentration of the nucleoside-specific enzymes was interpreted in terms of general nuclear metabolic activity.
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PMID:Some enzymes of isolated nuclei. 1489 35

Productivity of three different promoters at various cell cycle stages and under two distinct growth conditions was examined in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Under the Growth Arrest and DNA Damage inducible GADD153 promoter, productivity of the short half-live variant of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (d2EGFP) and the secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) was highest at the G1 phase of the cell cycle and at serum starvation, while under the cytomegalovirus (CMV) or the simian virus SV40 promoter, productivity was highest at S-phase and in complete medium. These results indicate the utility of the GADD153 promoter for production purposes under protein-free conditions.
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PMID:Enhanced productivity of G1 phase Chinese hamster ovary cells using the GADD153 promoter. 1500 54

The RNA polymerase core associated with sigma(S) transcribes many genes related to stress or to the stationary phase. When cells enter a phase of phosphate starvation, the transcription of several genes and operons, collectively known as the PHO regulon, is strongly induced. The promoters of the PHO genes hitherto analysed are recognized by sigma(D)-associated RNA polymerase. A mutation in the gene that encodes sigma(S), rpoS, significantly increases the level of alkaline phosphatase activity and the overproduction of sigma(S) inhibits it. Other PHO genes such as phoE and ugpB are likewise affected by sigma(S). In contrast, pstS, which encodes a periplasmic phosphate-binding protein and is a negative regulator of PHO, is stimulated by sigma(S). The effect of sigma(S) on the PHO genes is at the transcriptional level. It is shown that a cytosine residue at position -13 is important for the positive effect of sigma(S) on pst. The interpretation of these observations is based on the competition between sigma(S) and sigma(D) for the binding to the core RNA polymerase.
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PMID:A differential effect of sigmaS on the expression of the PHO regulon genes of Escherichia coli. 1534 56

Seeds of pea (Pisum sativum L.) were germinated for four days over two sheets of filter paper moistened with H2O (control) and 5 mM Cd(NO3)2 or CuSO4 (treated). The relationship between heavy-metal stress and breakdown of storage compounds was studied. Germination rate and growth of radicle decreased, while the water content in stressed seeds remained around the control values. Cotyledons changed their biochemical constituents: disorders in the contents of micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn), free amino acids and soluble sugars were found. Decline of alpha-amylase activity as well as acid phosphatase were also observed, whereas beta-amylase and alkaline phosphatase ones were not modified by heavy-metal treatments. These results suggest that the inhibition of seed germinations after exposure to cadmium or copper is not the consequence of starvation in water uptake by seed tissues, but may be due to a failure in the reserve mobilization process from cotyledons.
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PMID:[Biochemical changes associated with cadmium and copper stress in germinating pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.)]. 1571 78

Long-term cultures of telomerase-transduced adult human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) may evolve spontaneous genetic changes leading to tumorigenicity in immunodeficient mice (e.g., hMSC-TERT20). We wished to clarify whether this unusual phenotype reflected a rare but dominant subpopulation or if the stem cell origin allowed most cells to behave as cancer stem cells. Cultures of the hMSC-TERT20 strain at population doubling 440 were highly clonogenic (94%). From 110 single-cell clones expanded by 20 population doublings, 6 underwent detailed comparison. Like the parental population, each clone had approximately 1.2 days doubling time with loss of contact inhibition. All retained 1,25-(OH)(2) vitamin D(3)-induced expression of osteoblastic markers: collagen type I, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin. All shared INK4a/ARF gene locus deletion and epigenetic silencing of the DBCCR1 tumor suppressor gene. Despite in vitro commonality, only four of six clones shared the growth kinetics and 100% tumorigenicity of the parental population. In contrast, one clone consistently formed latent tumors and the other established tumors with only 30% penetrance. Changing the in vitro microenvironment to mimic in vivo growth aspects revealed concordant clonal heterogeneity. Latent tumor growth correlated with extracellular matrix entrapment of multicellular spheroids and high procollagen type III expression. Poor tumorigenicity correlated with in vitro serum dependence and high p27(Kip1) expression. Aggressive tumorigenicity correlated with good viability plus capillary morphogenesis on serum starvation and high cyclin D1 expression. Thus, hMSC-TERT20 clones represent cancer stem cells with hierarchical tumorigenicity, providing new models to explore the stem cell hypothesis for cancer.
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PMID:Tumorigenic heterogeneity in cancer stem cells evolved from long-term cultures of telomerase-immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells. 1583 42

Routine laboratory investigations that had been performed at disease assessment on 327 teenage girls with eating disorders and weight loss were analyzed. The laboratory investigations included erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), blood haemoglobin concentration (Hb), white blood cell count (WBC), platelet count, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, serum aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) activity, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) activity, serum albumin concentration, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium (corrected for albumin), inorganic phosphate, creatinine and urea. The results were for ESR, Hb, WBC, platelet count, ALP, ASAT, ALAT, inorganic phosphate, creatinine, urea and HBA1C related to weight and (ongoing) weight loss. The variations of the biochemical measurements were, however, largely within reference ranges, weight and weight changes predicted the biochemical measurements only to a small degree and in individual patients the results of the analyses often suggested normality. These analyses may therefore not be suited to assess the degree of weight loss and starvation in eating disorders. They may, however, be useful for the exclusion of other diseases which could show weight loss and biochemical abnormalities.
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PMID:The significance of routine laboratory analyses in the assessment of teenage girls with eating disorders and weight loss. 1584 99


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