Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Knowledge about B-cell dysfunction and HIV-specific antibody production is necessary for the understanding of both HIV-1-related immunopathology and the (vaccine-induced) humoral immunity involved in protection against AIDS. This paper describes the application of recently developed methods to detect epitope specificity of B cells in lymph-node biopsies with antigen-enzyme conjugates. Cryosections of five lymph-node biopsies from HIV-1-infected individuals and four control tissues were stained with a panel of HIV-1 antigen-enzyme conjugates: recombinant HIV-1 proteins (gp 160, gp 120 and p24), labelled with peroxidase, and synthetic peptides representing neutralizing epitopes from gp120 and gp41, labelled with alkaline phosphatase. Antibody-forming cells (AFCs) were detected in all the HIV-1-infected biopsies with gp160, gp120 and/or p24, in numbers up to 350 per section. AFCs producing specific antibodies against peptide 101 (SP 101), representing the neutralizing epitope 586-608 of gp41, were detected in one patient. These techniques allow correlation of in vivo function of B cells with lymph-node pathology, clinical stage of the disease and serological data. Their potential for the elucidation of HIV-related immunopathogenesis and the development of vaccines is discussed.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical determination of antigen and epitope specificity of HIV-1-specific B cells in lymph-node biopsies from HIV-1-infected individuals. 171 61

The unique curability of gestational trophoblastic tumors may in part be attributable to a host immunologic response. The occurrence of rapidly progressive and fatal choriocarcinoma may be favored by histocompatibility between patients and their partners. However, histocompatibility is not a prerequisite for the development and persistence of gestational choriocarcinoma. The expression of HLA by choriocarcinoma cells in culture is enhanced following incubation with gamma-interferon and this may be of both biologic and clinical significance. Complete molar pregnancy is a complete allograft because all molar chromosomes are of paternal origin. Patients with complete mole are sensitized to paternal HLA antigen which is expressed in molar tissue. Other polymorphic antigen systems including trophoblast-leukocyte common antigens and placental-type alkaline phosphatase are also expressed in molar tissue. We have studied the immunopathology of the molar implantation site to investigate possible humoral and cellular immune responses. The relationships among normal placenta, complete mole and choriocarcinoma are not clearly understood. The pattern of expression of oncofetal antigens in these three gestational tissues may be used to assess trophoblastic differentiation. In studies to date, molar trophoblast has the same pattern of expression of oncofetal antigens as normal placental trophoblast. We will review recent advances in our understanding of the immunobiology of gestational trophoblastic disease and suggest new directions for further research.
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PMID:Immunobiology of complete molar pregnancy and gestational trophoblastic tumor. 303 May 77

Quantitative analyses of renal allograft tissue using immunohistochemical double-staining could be a useful tool to extend the existing knowledge on renal allograft immunopathology. Due to technical reasons, this method has been only rarely applied in the past. The use of indirect immunohistochemistry for double-staining bears the risk of nonspecific cross reactions between the two staining sequences. To date, various procedures have been refined to avoid such cross reactions. Here we assessed the validity of three different protocols for indirect immunohistochemical double-staining on frozen sections of renal transplant biopsies ( n=12). Both colocalized antigens and antigens with a non-overlapping distribution were stained according to each of the three protocols. Differentiation between the two staining sequences was achieved by employing different colored substrates of alkaline phosphatase (protocol 1), different enzymes (peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase) together with the use of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine-tetrahydrochloride substrate in the first staining sequence (protocol 2), or primary antibodies from different species (protocol 3). Sensitivity and specificity of each protocol were determined by quantitative comparison with control single-stainings of adjacent sections. Sensitivity of the first staining sequence was about 100% with each of the three protocols investigated. In the second staining sequence, sensitivities of protocols 1 (50%) and 2 (54-66%) were much lower than of protocol 3 (100%). Specificity of the second staining sequence was only 44% with protocol 1 compared with 98% with protocol 2 and 100% with protocol 3. In conclusion, protocols 1 and 2 are not recommended for quantitative double-staining analyses. In contrast, protocol 3 provided maximum sensitivity and specificity, even for antigens that are colocalized on the same cell type. Thus, the use of primary antibodies from different species is by far the most reliable technique for quantitative double-staining analyses in renal allograft tissue.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical double-staining of renal allograft tissue: critical assessment of three different protocols. 1207 Jun 6

Cholangiocytes function as antigen-presenting cells with CD1d-dependent activation of natural killer T (NKT) cells in vitro. NKT cells may act both pro- and anti-inflammatory in liver immunopathology. We explored this immune pathway and the antigen-presenting potential of NKT cells in the bile ducts by challenging wild-type and Cd1d-/- mice with intrabiliary injection of the NKT cell activating agent oxazolone. Pharmacological blocking of CD1d-mediated activation was performed with a monoclonal antibody. Intrabiliary oxazolone injection in wild-type mice caused acute cholangitis with significant weight loss, elevated serum levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin, increased histologic grade of cholangitis and number of T cells, macrophages, neutrophils and myofibroblasts per portal tract after 7 days. NKT cells were activated after intrabiliary injection of oxazolone with upregulation of activation markers. Cd1d-/- and wild-type mice pretreated with antibody blocking of CD1d were protected from disease. These findings implicate that cells in the bile ducts function as antigen-presenting cells in vivo and activate NKT cells in a CD1d-restricted manner. The elucidation of this biliary immune pathway opens up for potentially new therapeutic approaches for cholangiopathies.
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PMID:Natural killer T cells mediate inflammation in the bile ducts. 3011 93