Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The expression of membrane alkaline phosphatase (mAlPase) activity was studied on viable cells from mouse lymphoid organs. The low mAlPase activity level of ex vivo mouse spleen cells was markedly increased by in vitro culture in the presence of the direct B-cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This increase occurred nearly simultaneously with increased uptake of 3H-thymidine and an increased percentage of blasts in the culture. The T-cell-dependent B-cell pokeweed mitogen did not increase the mean level of mAlPase activity per cell, although there was an increase per culture. The T cell mitogen ConA did not cause an increase in mAlPase activity, although it was able to stimulate both cell proliferation and blast transformation. Several other mitogens and differentiating agents were tested, but did not detectably affect mAlPase expression. LPS high responder mouse strains C57BL/6 and CBA/J showed a higher LPS-induced mAlPase expression response to LPS than did LPS low responder strains BALB/c or CBA/N. These data suggest a preferential expression of mAlPase by stimulated cycling B cells. However, mAlPase expression appeared restricted to a subpopulation of cycling B cells and could not be elicited by every B-cell stimulus.
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PMID:Membrane alkaline phosphatase activity: an enzymatic marker of B-cell activation. 348 33

Cyclophosphamide (Cy) treatment (150 mg/kg) of Sprague-Dawley rats 48 hr before immunization with a T-dependent antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), resulted in striking bone marrow, blood and tissue eosinophilia, maximal at 14 days and concurrent with profound lymphopenia. This phenomenon has been tentatively attributed to selective elimination by Cy of T-suppressor cells. In this study, T-cell subsets, B cells and monocytes/macrophages were enumerated following alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) staining of mononuclear cells isolated from lymphoid tissues of rats exhibiting eosinophilia. In lymph nodes, a significant increase in the A3/25+:OX-8+ ratio compared with normal was maintained from Day 7 to Day 14; in the spleen, however, this effect was no longer apparent by Day 14, due to the emergence of a population of OX-8+, OX-19- large granular lymphocytes. A seven-fold rise in splenic B-cell numbers (OX-12+) between Day 7 and Day 14 coincided with the eosinophilia. These findings are consistent with the potentiated production of TH-cell derived soluble factors affecting eosinophil production and differentiation, including possibly a rat equivalent of eosinophil differentiation factor, which in the mouse has been reported to have B-cell growth factor activity linked with eosinophilia.
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PMID:Cyclophosphamide-induced eosinophilia in the rat: concomitant changes in T-cell subsets, B cells and large granular lymphocytes within lymphoid tissues. 349 68

The expression of membrane alkaline phosphatase (mAlPase) activity is an enzymatic marker of activated but not resting B cells which can be used on unseparated lymphoid cell suspensions. It is higher in lymphoid cell suspensions from mice with higher proportions of B cells (athymic mice) or with more activated B cells (autoimmune mice) than in those of control mice.
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PMID:Basal and lipopolysaccharide-inducible membrane alkaline phosphatase of lymphoid cells from mice with immune system dysfunctions. 349 12

The stationary elements of lymphoid tissues are composed of four types of cells: histiocytes, interdigitating reticulum cells, follicular dendritic cells, and fibroblastic reticulum cells. The phenotypes of these cells were determined with a large panel of monocyte/histiocyte, C3 receptor monoclonal antibodies, and others. Based on the monocyte-marker expression, histiocytes can be separated into two groups: (1) free histiocytes (monocyte-marker positive) and (2) fixed histiocytes (monocyte-marker negative). The former are characterized by the expression of monocyte markers, such as OK M1, Co Mo2, BRL Mol/Mo2, and Leu M3, whereas the latter are not. Interdigitating reticulum cells are localized in the T-cell zone. These cells are characterized by the expression of 1E9, 2H9, and Leu M1. Interdigitating reticulum cells and fixed histiocytes are similar in terms of marker expression and enzyme histochemistry. However, in interdigitating reticulum cells, the Leu M1 antigen is localized on the membrane, in contrast to histiocytes, in which it has a Golgi distribution. Follicular dendritic cells are present in germinal centers and mantle zones. These cells express complement (C3) receptors and several monocyte markers (including OK M1 and Co Mo2). Follicular dendritic cells are capable of trapping antigens onto their membranes. This unique property makes us reluctant to conclude that follicular dendritic cells are related to monocytes. Fibroblastic reticulum cells express BA-1 and alkaline phosphatase, and they form a dendritic network, especially in the T-cell zone. The results of this study demonstrate that immunoperoxidase staining with monoclonal antibodies can reveal the distribution of histiocytes and dendritic/reticulum cells in lymphoid tissues.
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PMID:Phenotypic expression of cells of stationary elements in human lymphoid tissues. A histochemical and immunohistochemical study. 350 30

Cryostat sections of skin biopsies from five patients with chronic photosensitivity dermatitis with actinic reticuloid syndrome (PDAR) have been examined immunohistologically by the alkaline phosphatase:anti-alkaline phosphatase staining technique using a panel of 24 monoclonal antibodies against lymphoid cells and their subsets. The lymphoid infiltrates in all cases had an essentially identical cellular composition, containing a mixture of T-lymphocytes, T-cell accessory cells (Langerhans cells) and other types of HLA-DR positive dermal macrophages. In two patients there was an excess of T-helper/inducer cells relative to T-suppressor cells, while in the other three patients the numbers of T-cells in these two subsets were approximately equal. Many of the infiltrating T-cells expressed activation (HLA-DR, interleukin-2 receptor) or proliferation (the Ki67 nuclear antigen, transferrin receptor) associated markers. These data indicate that a T-cell immune response is operative in cutaneous PDAR lesions.
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PMID:Photosensitive dermatitis with actinic reticuloid syndrome: an immunohistological study of the cutaneous infiltrate. 351 Jun 53

The leukemic cells from 15 cases of Philadelphia chromosome-positive blastic leukemia were immunophenotyped by the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) immunocytochemical technic using nine monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) reactive with various myeloid or lymphoid antigens. On the basis of morphology, cytochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) reactivity, and electron microscopy, five of the cases had been classified as lymphoid; eight, myeloid; one, mixed myeloid-lymphoid; and one, undifferentiated. The blasts from all five lymphoid cases were reactive with lymphocyte differentiation antigen MoAb, and four of five reacted with MoAb to anti-common acute lymphoblastic leukemia-associated antigen (CALLA) (BA3). The blasts from all eight myeloid cases were reactive with MY7, a marker of myelomonocytic differentiation. Some of the blasts from three of the eight myeloid cases reacted with HP1-1D and AP3, markers of megakaryocytic differentiation; megakaryocyte differentiation was confirmed by electron microscopy. In the case classified as mixed myeloid-lymphoid, the blasts showed morphologic and immunophenotypic heterogeneity; ultrastructural studies demonstrated lymphoid, basophil, and erythroid differentiation. The blasts from the case classified as undifferentiated were immunophenotypically heterogeneous. In all cases in which the leukemic cells were also immunophenotyped by flow cytometry, the results correlated well with those obtained by the APAAP technic. The APAAP technic is a reliable method for immunophenotyping leukemias. Advantages of this method include its applicability to routinely prepared blood and bone marrow smears and cytocentrifuge preparations, lack of endogenous peroxidase background staining, and a permanent record.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibody study of Philadelphia chromosome-positive blastic leukemias using the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technic. 351 97

Cryostat sections of skin biopsies from 83 patients with benign or malignant cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates were examined immunohistologically for reactivity with Ki-67 (a monoclonal antibody recognizing a nuclear antigen expressed by cycling cells) using the APAAP immunoalkaline phosphatase labeling method and a double immunoperoxidase/alkaline phosphatase staining technique. Ki-67-positive neoplastic lymphocytes were plentiful in all large-cell lymphoma cases and in one-third of the small-cell lymphomas. Some benign disorders (patch test biopsies, cutaneous lymphocytoma, lichen planus) also contained many Ki-67-positive lymphocytes. These data indicate the value of using Ki-67 to assess the proliferative capacities of the lymphoid cells in cutaneous infiltrates. Use of this technique in the future may have important prognostic and therapeutic implications in the management of cutaneous lymphoid malignancies.
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PMID:Expression of a cell-cycle-associated nuclear antigen (Ki-67) in cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates. 351 22

A novel and rapid method for immunoenzyme double staining with monoclonal antibodies (McAb) is described. The principles of this method are the simultaneous application of primary antibodies and the unrelatedness of the two detection systems. One McAb is directly labelled with horseradish peroxidase and the other McAb is labelled with biotin. This second McAb is thereafter detected using an avidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate. This conjugate was prepared by a new method using a heterobifunctional reagent. Double staining of cell surface membranes of human tonsil was studied in cryosections using various combinations of McAbs to lymphoid cell markers. As expected, suppressor T cells were found to be contained within the pan T cell population on the basis of the distinguishable intermediate colour produced. Similarly, it was shown that most of the suppressor T cells were not HLA-DR activated in this tonsil. In cryostat sections of human skin T6 positive Langerhans cells in the epidermis were shown to carry the HLA-DR antigen.
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PMID:Simultaneous immunoenzyme double labelling using two different enzymes linked directly to monoclonal antibodies or with biotin-avidin. 353 27

The presence and localization of the marginal zone (MZ) in the human lymph node is controversial. The authors analyzed the distribution of sIgM+sIgD- MZ lymphocytes (MZL) expressing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in a series of reactive lymph nodes and spleens with the use of immuno- and enzymehistochemistry, and a combination of both technics. MZL were found scattered in lymphocytic coronas composed of densely packed, small, round lymphocytes. In the lymphocytic coronas showing prominent zonal layering into an inner, densely packed rim and outer, loosely arranged rim, the latter area proved to be composed of sIgM+sIgD-ALP+ MZL, in contrast to the inner rim, which was composed of sIgM+sIgD+ALP- small, round lymphocytes. It is concluded that the human reactive lymph node, like the spleen, contains MZL. These MZL apparently belong to a dynamic B-cell compartment, the morphologic expression of which may vary from scattered singular cells hidden in the lymphocytic corona to a clearly recognizable peripheral rim of medium-sized lymphoid cells.
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PMID:The marginal zone in the human reactive lymph node. 353 58

Dome and dome epithelial cells were selectively dissociated from gut-associated lymphoid tissues of rabbits. Sequential tissue washes in dithiothreitol, EDTA, and collagenase removed the dome epithelium, without disrupting the follicles or villi, and provided a cell suspension containing 74 +/- 6% lymphocytes, 9 +/- 4% columnar epithelial cells, 10 +/- 7% tangible-body macrophages, and 4 +/- 2% M cells (follicle-associated epithelial cells). The last mentioned cells were characterized by transmission electron microscopy as large (20 to 55 microns diameter) cuboidal, round, or oval cells with eccentric nuclei and thin membranous processes surrounding empty vacuoles. The M cells were occasionally joined together by tight junctions. Histochemical and immunocytochemical analyses of M cells with the light microscope showed that they were devoid of immunoglobulins and negative for T-cell antigen and secretory component and had no detectable alkaline phosphatase or endogenous peroxidase activity. The M cells had few vacuoles with faint acid phosphatase activity; nonspecific neutral esterase was abundant. Possible uses for dome and dome epithelial cells are discussed.
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PMID:Dome epithelial M cells dissociated from rabbit gut-associated lymphoid tissues. 354 8


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