Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

After incubation of tissue sections with anti-allotype-enzyme conjugates, the localization of immunoglobulin-allotype-bearing cells in the lymphoid tissues of conventional and chimeric rabbits could be established. The use of anti-allotype sera bearing distinct enzyme labels allowed simultaneous recognition of B cells producing immunoglobulin of one or the other parental types in heterozygous rabbits, or of B cells from the donor and recipient in chimeras. After immunization of chimeric rabbits with trinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin, anti-trinitrophenyl antibody-forming cells could be demonstrated through the use of a trinitrophenyl-alkaline phosphatase conjugate. Simultaneous incubation of sections with this reagent and with horseradish peroxidase coupled to (donor or recipient) anti-allotype sera made possible the determination of the origin (donor or recipient) of the antibody-forming cells. In agreement with the results of plaque assays and analyses of serum antibodies, all the anti-TNP producing cells were of donor origin when the chimeras had been created through injection of spleen or lymph node cells from trinitrophenyl primed donors. With this study we introduce a simple, direct method for the simultaneous identification of cells that produce antibody of a given allotype and a given specificity, applicable to appropriate studies in heterozygous or chimeric rabbits. The procedure has various advantages over previously reported methods.
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PMID:Double immunocytochemical staining for the in situ study of allotype distribution during an anti-trinitrophenyl immune response in chimeric rabbits. 242 38

Human oesophageal submucosal glands may be regularly demonstrated by first exposing the oesophageal lumen to toluidine blue which reveals the duct ostia. Four types of cell were identified in the glands - mucous, subsidiary or serous, myoepithelial and oncocytes. The mucous cell contained neutral, sialated and sulphated mucins. The subsidiary cells held smaller amounts of neutral and sialated mucin, plus fucosyl residues. No lipids were detectable histochemically. ATP-ase and alkaline phosphatase were shown in the capillary endothelium. The duct epithelium showed some nonspecific esterase activity not sensitive to E 600. By immunoperoxidase techniques, the duct epithelium was shown to be rich in cytokeratin. The subsidiary cells contained lysozyme, CEA and pepsinogen. B lymphocytes composed most of the periductular lymphoid aggregates, although some T cells were found there and also intraepithelial and subepithelial in relation to the stratified squamous epithelium lining the oesophagus. Langerhans' cells were also demonstrated as intraepithelial by several techniques.
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PMID:Human oesophageal submucosal glands. Their detection mucin, enzyme and secretory protein content. 243 35

Using light and electron microscopic immunolocalization with antibodies to cytoskeletal proteins, we have characterized the nonlymphoid cells of various human lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen). In all these tissues, the lymphoid follicles contain a three-dimensional meshwork of "dendritic reticulum cells" which are characterized by the presence of desmosomal junctions, as demonstrated by positive punctate staining with antibodies to the desmosome-specific proteins desmoplakin I and desmoglein, and by intermediate-sized filaments (IFs) of the vimentin type only. In contrast, the extrafollicular regions are characterized by an extended meshwork of other types of reticulum cells, which also contain vimentin IFs but lack desmosomal proteins. In addition, a considerable, although variable proportion of these extrafollicular reticulum cells forms IFs containing cytokeratins 8 and 18 and/or desmin-containing IFs. The occurrence of cytokeratins 8 and 18 in lymph nodes has also been shown by gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Results of double-label immunolocalization indicate that some of the extrafollicular reticulum cells coexpress all three kinds of IF protein. A large proportion of these cells also synthesizes another marker of myogenic differentiation, i.e., the isoform of alpha-actin specific for smooth muscle. This proportion includes some cells that are negative for desmin. Comparison of the distribution of cells expressing cytokeratins and/or desmin with that of reticulum cells showing strong alkaline phosphatase activity (as a marker for the so-called "fiber-associated (fibroblastic) reticulum cells") suggests that the former represent a subset of the latter. The biological meaning of these different patterns of expression in reticulum cells and of the resulting cell-type heterogeneity as well as possible implications of these observations for tumor diagnosis, notably of lymph-node metastases and lymphomas, are discussed.
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PMID:Cytoskeletal components of lymphoid organs. I. Synthesis of cytokeratins 8 and 18 and desmin in subpopulations of extrafollicular reticulum cells of human lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen. 245 10

The concomitant presence of B antigens and of the antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody Leu-M5 (CD11c) on neoplastic lymphoid cells has been reported to be largely restricted to hairy cell leukemia (HCL). The authors studied Leu-M5 reactivity of neoplastic cells from 59 patients whose specimens were referred with a stated diagnosis of HCL by using the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase technique on peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) specimens. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (AcP-T) activity was also studied. In 49 patients, HCL had been confirmed previously by BM biopsy, and specimens were evaluated for disease status during or after therapy with interferon (IFN) or 2'-deoxycoformycin. The remaining ten patients were newly referred for confirmation of the diagnosis of HCL before therapy. In all 55 patients in whom the BM biopsy demonstrated HCL, virtually every leukemic cell was Leu-M5 reactive, and the reaction proved, in some cases, to be helpful in the detection of small numbers of hairy cells in PB or BM preparations. AcP-T reactivity was demonstrated in the neoplastic cells of 52 of these 55 patients, including all but 3 of those receiving IFN, and was helpful in confirming persistent leukemia when interpretation of BM biopsy sections was difficult because the numbers of hairy cells were small. However, in four of the ten newly referred patients, BM biopsy showed features of splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes, rather than HCL. The neoplastic cells of these four patients were of B-cell origin and in three were Leu-M5 reactive. The authors' study indicates that Leu-M5 is present in nearly all hairy cells, but its presence in conjunction with other B-cell markers is not specific for HCL.
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PMID:Evaluation of Leu-M5 (CD11c) in hairy cell leukemia by the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase technique. 245 31

A panel of novel mouse monoclonal antibodies was used, in an indirect immunofluorescence procedure, to identify subsets of guinea pig lymphoid cells which were quantified by flow cytometric analysis. The staining characteristics of the antibodies were also examined by alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase staining of cryostat sections of spleen and cytocentrifuge preparations of blood and spleen mononuclear cells. The values obtained for T and B cell populations were similar to those previously described using rosetting procedures, and the study also confirmed the high incidence of constitutive Ia antigen expression on guinea pig lymphocytes. Compared with animals receiving immunization (ovalbumin) alone, guinea pigs treated with ciclosporin A showed only minor changes in lymphocyte subsets, whereas those pretreated with cyclophosphamide revealed striking reductions in circulating T and B lymphocytes and in splenic B cells. Both ciclosporin A and cyclophosphamide markedly reduced Ia antigen expression on lymphocytes in blood, whilst cyclophosphamide also inhibited Ia antigen expression in the spleen.
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PMID:Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte populations in guinea pig blood and spleen. Ia antigen expression and the effects of immunosuppressive agents. 246 46

Immunocytochemical methods were used in combination with enzyme cytochemistry to visualize simultaneously cytoplasmic enzyme reactivity (for dipeptidyl[amino]peptidase [DAP IV], acid phosphatase [AcP], chloroacetyl esterase [CAE]) and cell surface antigens (Leu-3a, Leu-4, Leu-14, Leu-M1, OKT4, OKT8, OKB7) in cytospin preparations from cell suspensions of human reactive lymphoid tissues (four lymph nodes and three tonsils). Different fixative solutions were tested. Enzyme and immunocytochemical reactions were carried out in different orders of sequence to establish which was the better direction for the combination of the two methods. The following immunocytochemical methods were tested: three stages, avidin-biotin complex, peroxidase-antiperoxidase, alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase (APAAP) (using both peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase as labeling enzyme). Acetone or buffered formalin acetone gave the best results both for cytochemical and immunologic reactions. DAP IV and AcP reactivities could be visualized only when cytochemical reactions were performed before immunocytochemistry. CAE reactivity could be demonstrated either before or after immunocytochemistry. Cell surface antigens could be demonstrated with most immunocytochemical methods: however, the APAAP method was preferred for its sensitivity and effectiveness when combined with enzyme cytochemistry. By this approach, cells expressing only immunologic markers and cells expressing only cytochemical markers could easily be distinguished from those coexpressing both markers, because cytochemistry and immunocytochemistry could be combined without affecting the reactivity of each marker, and the reaction products did not hamper the interpretation of preparations.
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PMID:A combined cytochemical and immunocytochemical method for simultaneous visualization of cytoplasmic enzyme reactivity and cell surface antigens in cell suspensions. 246 86

Fludarabine (9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl 2-fluoro-adenine monophosphate) is a fluorinated analogue of adenine which is relatively resistant to deamination by adenosine deaminase. Phase I clinical trials disclosed significant antitumor activity in lymphoid malignancies. Fludarabine has been used in the treatment of CLL since March, 1985, at a dose of 25-30 mg/m2/day x 5 days each 3-4 weeks by short intravenous infusion. Sixty-eight previously treated patients with CLL are evaluable for response. The median age was 60 years, 50 were male the median number of prior chemotherapy regimens was 2, and the median time from initial chemotherapy to fludarabine was 45 months. Forty-three (63%) were Rai stages 3 and 4, 31 (46%) were Binet Stage C. Twenty patients (29%) obtained a complete remission (CR), defined as peripheral lymphocytes less than 4,000/microliters, no clinical evidence of disease, less than 30% of lymphocytes in the bone marrow (with no residual nodules), or a nodular partial remission, NPR (CR except for residual lymphoid nodules), and 19 (28%) a partial remission (less than 50% reduction in tumor in nodes, liver, spleen and bone marrow and greater than 1 log reduction in the lymphocyte count). The complete remission rate for the various involved sites were blood (69%), liver (52%), spleen (55%), and nodes (48%). The bone marrow was the least responsive site with 16% CR and 44% PR. The number of prior regimens did not have a significant response rate or survival. The serum albumin , alkaline phosphatase, platelet and hemoglobin level all were associated with survival from the start of fludarabine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Fludarabine therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). 246 94

The mouse lymphocyte surface alloantigen, Ly-31, defined by monoclonal antibody N1.10 (IgG2b,k) and controlled by a gene locus closely linked to the Akp-2 locus on chromosome 4, was biochemically investigated. By employing a quantitative immunoassay system, it was found that the Ly-31.1-specific antibody detected an allotypic determinant of mouse alkaline phosphatase. Ly-31.1, i.e., mouse alkaline phosphatase, was expressed predominantly in kidney and bone and was also detected in placenta, lung, and testis. Concerning tumor cell lines, they varied in the amount of antigen present, with both T and B lymphoid lineages selectively possessing the antigen. In normal lymphoid tissues, lesser amounts of antigen were detected. The binding of mouse alkaline phosphatase to Ly-31.1-specific monoclonal antibodies was specific in nature. The Ly-31.1 antigen was immunoprecipitated from the lysates of surface-radiolabeled YAC-1 moloney leukemia cells, and appeared as a single band of about 78,000 under both reduced and nonreduced conditions on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, treatment of tumor cell lines with phosphatidylinositol-specific-phospholipase C resulted in the removal of Ly-31 antigen from the cell surface. These results suggest that a gene cluster containing the Ly-31 and Akp-2 loci which control the alkaline phosphatase is formed on mouse chromosome 4. The Ly-31 antigen is the first enzyme demonstrated to be a lymphocyte surface alloantigen.
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PMID:Mouse Ly-31.1 is an alloantigenic determinant of alkaline phosphatase predominantly expressed in the kidney and bone. 246 81

A sensitive method for detection of alkaline phosphatase in immunohistochemistry, using lymphoid cells, has been optimized. The conditions for staining are 0.23 mM 5-bromo-4-chloro-indoxyl phosphate, 0.55 mM tetranitro blue tetrazolium, 2.0 mM levamisole, 5.0 mM sodium azide, 10.0 mM magnesium chloride, and 0.15 mM 1-methoxyphenazine methosulfate dissolved in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 9.5.
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PMID:Indoxyl-tetranitro blue tetrazolium method for detection of alkaline phosphatase in immunohistochemistry. 247 24

Human Peyers patches (PP) were studied by immunohistochemistry to characterize functional properties of the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) including the "membrane" (M) cells. The FAE had no transporting capacity for polymeric IgA (pIgA) because it did not express the secretory component (SC) which acts as a pIgA receptor. However, it expressed MHC class II (HLA-DR) determinants, except for the M cells (which were tentatively identified by absence of brush border alkaline phosphatase). It is possible, therefore, that the FAE generally performs class II-restricted transport and presentation to T cells of antigens which have been adequately processed in the gut lumen. The function of M cells may be limited to transport of particulate or undegraded antigens to subjacent macrophages for processing and subsequent presentation. There were significantly more intra- and subepithelial T cells in PP than in distant villi, and the T cells were concentrated adjacent to M cells. The proportion of the CD4+ phenotype (putative helper T cells) was much higher in FAE (approximately 40%) than in villous epithelium where the CD8+ (putative suppressor) phenotype predominated strikingly (approximately 90%). This disparity might reflect differences in capacity for positive and negative immune regulation at the two sites. The B cells terminating with Ig production in PP and adjacent to solitary lymphoid follicles apparently belonged to relatively mature memory clones as they showed a large proportion of IgG immunocytes and reduced J-chain expression. Conversely, both IgG and IgA immunocytes in lamina propria (LP) showed a high percentage of J-chain positivity (80-100%); such positivity was also considerable (45-60%) in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) in contrast to peripheral lymph nodes (PLN) and palatine tonsils (PT). Moreover, there was a decreasing percentage of IgA2 immunocytes in the order of PP (52%), distant ileal LP (40%), MLN (32%), PLN (11%), and PT (5%). Taken together, our results suggested that dissemination of relatively immature memory B-cell clones with high J-chain expression takes place from PP through MLN and that preferential settlement of such clones occurs in LP.
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PMID:Human Peyer's patches: lympho-epithelial relationships and characteristics of immunoglobulin-producing cells. 249 34


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