Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The molecules of the B7 family play a major role in T-lymphocyte costimulation through interaction with their counterreceptors CD28 and CTLA4. In the present study, we analyzed the possible expression of B7 molecules on surgically removed thyroid tissue of patients with autoimmune [Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) or Graves' disease (GD)] or nonautoimmune [nontoxic goiter (NTG) or papillary cancer (PC)] thyroid diseases. We found clear positivity of thyroid follicular cells for B7.1 in HT but not in GD, nor in nonautoimmune specimens (NTG, PC) using in situ analysis by alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technique. Double immunostaining experiments in combination with an anti-human thyroglobulin antibody confirmed follicular B7.1 localization. On the contrary, no follicular B7.2 expression was observed in any specimen analyzed. These findings were confirmed by immunofluorescence flow cytometry on isolated follicular cells. The cytokines IL1beta and LPS were able to induce de novo B7.1 expression on cultured thyroid follicular cells. Intrathyroid T cells proved responsive to stimulation via the B7 ligand CD28, even in the absence of IL2. Moreover preliminary evidence was obtained for an inhibitory effect of anti-B7.1 mAb on T-cell proliferation in coculture with isolated thyroid follicular cells. It is conceivable that in HT, expression of B7.1 on follicular cells, together with MHC class II antigens and ICAM1, could provide a local costimulatory signal for T-lymphocyte differentiation toward the type 1 cytokine secretion pattern and maintenance of the autoimmune process.
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PMID:B7.1 costimulatory molecule is expressed on thyroid follicular cells in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but not in Graves' disease. 981 3

Cold preservation has previously been shown to decrease the antigenicity of nerve allografts, while Schwann cells remain viable. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and class II MHC antigens, both of which have been shown to play a major role in initiating graft rejection, was studied in fresh rat nerve, and after 2 and 7 weeks of cold preservation. Ten sciatic nerves harvested from Lewis rats were cut into three segments. One segment was processed immediately, while the other ones were preserved at 5 degrees C for 2 and 7 weeks, respectively, before processing. Immunostains using specific monoclonal antibodies and alkaline phosphatase development were performed on each sample. The relative level of expression of these antigens was compared using computer-assisted densitometry. Expression of ICAM-1 was significantly decreased at 7 weeks, as compared to fresh and 2-week groups, with no statistically significant difference between fresh and 2-week nerves. Expression of class II MHC was significantly decreased at 2 and 7 weeks, compared to fresh nerves, with no statistically significant difference between the preserved groups. The decrease in antigenicity of cold-preserved nerve allografts appears to be linked to a down-regulation of ICAM-1 and MHC class II expression.
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PMID:Cold preservation of nerve grafts decreases expression of ICAM-1 and class II MHC antigens. 1036 56

In this study we aimed to elucidate the physiological role of gammadelta intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) in the mouse intestine. For this purpose, we used T-cell receptor (TCR) Vgamma4/Vdelta5 transgenic mice (KN 6 Tg: BALB/c background, H-2d), and compared the immunological and physiological characteristics of the intestinal tracts of KN 6 Tg and non-transgenic (non-Tg) littermates. In KN 6 Tg littermates, 95% of small intestinal (SI) and large intestinal (LI) IEL expressed gammadelta TCR, and their TCR was replaced by Tg gammadelta TCR. In these mice, class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression was up-regulated in the SI epithelium, compared with the non-Tg littermates, under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions. Competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed that the mRNAs of the I-Ealpha chain on the SI epithelial cells was higher in KN 6 Tg than in non-Tg littermates. However, in the LI, class II MHC molecules were not expressed in either KN 6 Tg or non-Tg littermates. The epithelial cell mitotic index in the SI, but not in the LI, was higher in KN 6 Tg than in non-Tg littermates under SPF conditions. However, differentiation markers for SI epithelial cells, such as alkaline phosphatase and disaccharidase (lactase, maltase and sucrase) activities, were similar in KN 6 Tg and non-Tg littermates. MHC class II molecule expression on the SI epithelium was absent in germ-free (GF) Tg mice, but was induced under SPF conditions, coinciding with the increase of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) mRNA in gammadelta TCR SI-IEL. These findings suggest that gammadelta TCR IEL regulate epithelial cell regeneration and class II MHC expression, but not cell differentiation in the SI. However, these functions were not observed in the gammadelta TCR IEL in the LI. In addition, the activation step in the gammadelta TCR SI-IEL is dependent on the presence of gut microflora.
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PMID:Physiological roles of gammadelta T-cell receptor intraepithelial lymphocytes in cytoproliferation and differentiation of mouse intestinal epithelial cells. 1044 10

The cellular composition of the different splenic compartments is well characterized in several species, but the spleen of the camel has not been studied due to the lack of specific antibodies detecting its leukocyte subsets. Therefore, 5microm frozen sections from 15 camel spleens (0.5-15 years) were studied for acid and alkaline phosphatases and for cross-reaction with antibodies specific for bovine (n=181), swine (n=14) and human (n=6) leukocyte determinants. Fifteen antibodies cross-reacted with camel spleen cells. These included 13 anti-bovine, two anti-human, but no anti-swine antibodies. The lymph follicles mainly consisted of B cells. The germinal centers showed a strong alkaline phosphatase activity. The periarterial lymphatic sheath harbored T lymphocytes. The marginal zone contained gammadelta T cells, CD45R0+, MHC class II DR+, CD44+, IL-A 24+ cells and few macrophages. The red pulp contained B, T, MHC class II DR+, IL-A24+ and gammadelta T cells and few macrophages. The periarterial macrophage sheaths contained many more macrophages than the marginal zone, so they may play a central role in the phagocytosis of the blood born particles. The alkaline phosphatase probably labeled activated B cells, but in contrast to other species no positive cells were found in the marginal zone. In general, lymphocyte compartmentalization in the camel spleen is similar to that in other species except for lower numbers of macrophages and the absence of alkaline phosphatase positive cells in the marginal zone. No age related differences were observed in the splenic compartments.
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PMID:Immunohistology of the splenic compartments of the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). 1076 Mar 87

The present study systematically investigated the expression and distribution of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II in the rat. About 150 native tissue probes from eight adult Lewis rats were taken, representative for most organs, tissues, and the vascular system. MHC expression was analyzed by two monoclonal antibodies (mAb) generated against the non-polymorphic determinants of rat MHC class I (Ox-18) and class II (Ox-6). Immunoreactivities were compared to those of different endothelial (HIS52, TLD-3A12, Ox-43, REHA-1 antigen), histiocytic (ED1, ED2), B-cell (RLN-9D3), and T-cell (MRC Ox-52) markers. A nonspecific mAb (MR12/53) served as a negative control. Pretested concentrations on various tissues and the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase technique allowed semiquantitative evaluation of serial cryostat tissue sections. MHC class I expression was detected on most immunocompetent cells. Endothelial cells were stained heterogeneously along the vascular system and the organ-specific microcirculation. Furthermore, some organs showed staining of parenchymal cells. MHC class II was found on all immunocompetent cells positive for the B-cell marker and about 15% of cells positive for the histiocytic markers. Besides the well-known expression of MHC class II in the outer zone of the renal proximal tubule, further organ-specific cell forms were found positive. In conclusion, the present study outlines tissue-specific distribution of MHC I/ II and implies that each organ carries a variable immunologic burden that needs to be considered for any transplantation model.
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PMID:Organ-specific distribution of major histocompatibility antigens in rats. 1089 31

We have performed immunophenotypical (IP) analyses of tumor infiltrating leukocytes (TIL) in both childhood brain tumors (medulloblastomas[MEDs]/primitive neuroectodermal tumors [PNETs] and astrocytomas [ASTRs]) and malignant melanomas (both primary and metastatic) employing a well-characterized library of monoclonal antibodies (MoABs) directed against leukocyte differentiation/activation associated antigens. The antigens were detected by an indirect, biotinstreptavidin conjugated alkaline phosphatase (AP) immunocytochemical technique. Our systematic cell-surface antigen expression profile analysis of 76 primary childhood brain tumors (34 MEDs/PNETs and 42 ASTRs) identified CD8+ CTL in 58/76 brain tumors. CD4+, MHC class II restricted helper lymphocytes were present in 65/76 brain tumors and represented 1-10% of the observed cells. Macrophages were present in 74/76 childhood brain tumor cases observed by us. Leukocyte common antigen (LCA) expression was demonstrated in all 76 brain tumors studied. MoAB UJ 308 detected the presence of premyelocytes and mature granulocytes in 60/76 brain tumors. They were localized perivascularly, within the tumor tissue, or close to necrotic regions. Natural killer (NK) cells were not defined in the childhood brain tumors observed in this study. The IP characteristics of the heterogeneous leukocytic infiltrate of 30 primary (PMs) and 10 metastatic melanomas (MMs) was also investigated by us. We established the presence of some type of melanoma infiltrating host's immunological effector cells in all 40 observed melanoma cases. More specifically, we found NK cells, macrophages and granulocytes in 30/30 PMs and 10/10 MMs. These effector cells represented the vast majority (> 80%) of the melanoma infiltrating immunocompetent cells. T lymphocytes were observed in 20/30 PMs and 6/10 MMs, but their numbers represented only between 5% to 10% of the heterogeneous leukocytic infiltrate. B cells were found in 22/30 PMs and 8/10 MMs, their numbers representing less than 5%. Presence of cells of the dendritic reticulum, involved in antigen presentation was not determined in any of the observed PMs and MMs. The notion that infiltration of the neoplastically transformed mass of cells by TIL is always a prognostically positive phenomenon has changed in recent years as research on extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis have identified numerous secreted factors which are common to both neoplastically transformed cells and infiltrating leukocytes.
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PMID:Controversies on the prognostic significance of tumor infiltrating leukocytes in solid human tumors. 1092 5

During systematic cell-surface antigen expression profile analyses of 76 primary childhood brain tumors [34 medulloblastomas (MED)/primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) and 42 astrocytomas (ASTR)], a library of monoclonal antibodies (MoABs) directed against various leukocyte-associated, lymphocyte cell-line differentiation antigens in childhood brain tumors was utilized. The antigens were detected employing an indirect, biotin-streptavidin conjugated alkaline phosphatase (AP) immunocytochemical technique. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I restricted, tumor-associated antigen (TAA) specific, CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were identified in 58/76 (76.32%) brain tumors, and usually represented 1-10% of all cells, but in some cases 30-44% of the cells were CD8(+). CD4(+), MHC class II restricted helper lymphocytes were present in 65/76 (85.53%) brain tumors, and accounted for 1-10% of the observed cells. Macrophages were present in 74/76 (97.37%) brain tumors, and their number also represented 1-10% of all observed cells in the brain tumor frozen sections. Leukocyte common antigen (LCA) expression was detected in all 76 (100%) brain tumors studied. MoAB UJ 308 detected the presence of premyelocytes and mature granulocytes in 60/76 (78.95%) brain tumors. Natural killer (NK) cells were not defined in the observed brain tumors. The great majority of childhood glial tumors, particularly ASTRs express Fas (APO-1/CD95) receptor whereas normal cells in the central nervous system (CNS) do not. FasR is a transmembrane glycoprotein which belongs to the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor (NGF/TNF) receptor superfamily. As part of our screening, the 42 childhood ASTRs were also investigated for expression of CD95. We detected strong expression (strong intensity of staining, number of stained cells 50-100%) of FasR, employing formalin fixed, paraffin-wax embedded tissue slides. Brain tumors and melanomas have been shown to produce their autocrine FasL, and are even capable of switching CD95-related signal transduction from the PCD pathway to a proliferative pathway. In view of our results, we conclude that: (1) the tumor infiltrating leukocytes in MEDs/PNETs and ASTRs represent a very diverse population and are present in a great majority of the cases studied; (2) the strong expression of FasR in ASTRs provides a manner in which T lymphocytes may exert their anti-tumor effects, but may also represent yet another way that tumors may evade the immune response; and (3) further observations of the expression of various antigens involved in juxtacrine, in situ growth control are necessary for the refinement of cellular immunotherapeutical approaches in the treatment of human malignancies.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical detection of leukocyte-associated and apoptosis-related antigen expression in childhood brain tumors. 1141 97

Use of the pig as an animal model in schistosomiasis research is increasing, but knowledge of the porcine immune response to schistosome infection is still very limited. We investigated the immunohistology of different maturation stages of the Schistosoma japonicum egg granuloma in pigs. Liver sections from pigs experimentally infected with S.japonicum for 9, 12 or 21 weeks were examined by immunohistochemistry using a three-step streptavidin-biotin-complex/immunoperoxidase method or a two-step alkaline phosphatase-mediated system. All granulomas showed marked expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II in epithelioid macrophages and were dominated by T lymphocytes, comprising both CD4+ and CD8+ phenotypes, with consistently higher proportions noted for CD8+ cells. B lymphocytes, as identified by expression of CD21, were confined to lymphoid nodular structures primarily associated with mature granulomas. Early and mature granulomas contained numerous immunoglobulin (Ig)G+ plasma cells. Significant differences in immunohistology related to duration of infection were not observed. The results indicate that all stages of the hepatic S.japonicum egg granuloma in the pig manifests MHC class II-dependent CD4+ T cell activity concomitant with infiltration of CD8+ T cells. B cell activity preceding the effector cell stage appears to occur in granuloma-associated lymphoid nodules, whereas antibody, mainly IgG, is produced within the granuloma.
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PMID:Experimental Schistosomiasis japonica in the pig: immunohistology of the hepatic egg granuloma. 1198 60

Three enterocyte cell clones were established in vitro from the intestine of a PA12 hen embryo. These cells exhibited epithelioid morphology and grew as monolayers. The cells were continuously propagated in culture up to 250 passages. Gradual increase in growth rate with time and in anchorage-independent growth in both agar and agarose showed that the three cell clones spontaneously transformed in vitro. The clones were heteroploid with one marker chromosome. Interestingly, they had features of partly differentiated enterocytes, especially microvilli, junctions connecting adjacent cells (tight junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, gap junctions), villin and cytokeratins. In addition, cells expressed brush border enzyme activity and transepithelial resistance. The fact that the levels of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) and alkaline phosphatase activities fluctuated according to culture time and that MHC class II was induced by activation of cells with interferon suggested that the state of differentiation of the 3 cell clones could be modified in vitro. These clones are the first established avian enterocyte cell clones to be described. Because each cell clone exhibited differences in the level of differentiation and sensitivity to Salmonella infection, their use will allow comparative investigations concerning markers of differentiation of avian enterocytes and infection by host-adapted bacteria and parasites.
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PMID:Establishment and characterization of partially differentiated chicken enterocyte cell clones. 1201 88

Costimulatory and antigen-presenting molecules are essential to the initiation of T cell immunity to mycobacteria. The present study analyzed by immunocytochemistry, using monoclonal antibodies and alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase method, the frequency of costimulatory (CD86, CD40, CD40L, CD28, and CD152) and antigen-presenting (MHC class II and CD1) molecules expression on human lung cells recovered by sputum induction from tuberculosis (TB) patients (N = 22) and non-TB controls (N = 17). TB cases showed a statistically significant lower percentage of HLA-DR+ cells than control subjects (21.9 +/- 4.2 vs 50.0 +/- 7.2%, P < 0.001), even though similar proportions of TB cases (18/22) and control subjects (16/17, P = 0.36) had HLA-DR-positive-stained cells. In addition, fewer TB cases (10/22) compared to control subjects (16/17) possessed CD86-expressing cells (P = 0.04; OR: 0.05; 95%CI = 0.00-0.51), and TB cases expressed a lower percentage of CD86+ cells (P = 0.04). Moreover, TB patients with clinically limited disease ( pound1 lobe) on chest X-ray exhibited a lower percentage of CD86-bearing cells compared to patients with more extensive lung disease (>1 lobe) (P = 0.02). The lower expression by lung cells from TB patients of HLA-DR and CD86, molecules involved in antigen presentation and activation of T cells, may minimize T cell recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, fostering an immune dysfunctional state and active TB.
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PMID:Low expression of antigen-presenting and costimulatory molecules by lung cells from tuberculosis patients. 1771 60


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