Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Alterations of blood analyses have been studied at relapse of patients with osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. The tests included erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), haemoglobin (Hb), leukocyte and thrombocyte counts, gamma glutamyltransferase (GT), lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Sixteen relapsing patients diagnosed from 1970 to 1987 were eligible in each sarcoma group. Median age was 16 years (range 9-30) at diagnosis. The blood tests seemed to be of no help in detecting relapse of osteosarcoma, while ESR, LD and GT rose significantly in relapsing patients with Ewing's sarcoma. ESR was best correlated to disease activity.
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PMID:Alterations of blood analyses at relapse of osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. 197 22

Tumor-associated antigens (TAA) can be detected in the urine of sarcoma patients by a variety of assays. This study was designed to correlate antigen activity in three assays: complement fixation assay (CFA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blot (WB). This study identifies the antibody class responsible for TAA identification in these assays and characterizes the nature of the antigen. One hundred eighty-nine urine samples from eight sarcoma patients with known levels of TAA in CFA were tested in ELISA and WB. Allogeneic anti-TAA containing sera (1 degree antibody) from a sarcoma patient was reacted with urine samples followed by detection with alkaline phosphatase-linked goat anti-human IgG and IgM (2 degree antibody in both assays). Reactivity in CFA correlated to IgM reactivity in ELISA and WB (chi 2 test, P less than 0.001). No correlation was found to IgG reactivity in either assay. Reactivity in WB vs ELISA was also highly correlated for IgM (P less than 0.001). TAA was visualized in WB as a distinct pattern of repeating bands, with most bands being detected in the range 30,000-60,000 Da. The separation between bands approximated 2500-3000 Da, suggesting a molecule composed of repeating subunits. This study suggests that the antigen is glycoprotein in nature, and that the detecting antibody is of the IgM class.
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PMID:Identification of an immunoreactive glycoprotein in the urine of sarcoma patients. 203 87

Basement membranes have been implicated in morphogenesis and cell differentiation. In this study, the effect of basement membrane components on intestinal epithelial cell maturation in a mesenchyme-free environment was investigated. Fetal rat small intestinal epithelial cells (from the 14th-17th day of gestation) were exposed to basement membrane-derived proteins (laminin, collagen type IV, and a complex basement membrane-enriched extract from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm sarcoma) and other extracellular matrix proteins (collagen type I and fibronectin) coated onto Petri dishes. The cells attached readily only to fibronectin and basement membrane proteins. For 5 days the developing epithelial colonies were monitored in vitro, assessing morphological and functional parameters of cell maturation. Colonies grown on laminin and the basement membrane extract were larger and of greater cell density. An increase in alkaline phosphatase and lactase activity was observed after 3-4 days in these colonies which could be enhanced to yield 90%-100% positive cells by the addition of dexamethasone to the medium while no sucrase-isomaltase activity was elicited. Electron microscopy confirmed a high degree of cellular polarization illustrated by tight junctions and apical microvilli in epithelial cells grown on a basement membrane-like support. In contrast, none of the other proteins stimulated the cells to mature in vitro. The authors conclude that certain basement membrane components actively promote fetal intestinal epithelial cell differentiation.
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PMID:Basement membrane components are potent promoters of rat intestinal epithelial cell differentiation in vitro. 229 87

A radioimmunoassay for transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) using synthetic rat sarcoma transforming growth factor and its rabbit polyclonal antibody has been developed. Using radioimmunoassays, the urinary TGF-alpha and epidermal growth factor (EGF) concentrations in 31 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 15 probable HCC, four metastatic liver cancer, and 33 age, sex-matched healthy controls were determined. For the first time, we have shown that the average TGF-alpha concentration for HCC patients was 21.5 +/- 20.3 micrograms per g creatinine, significantly higher than that of healthy subjects, 4.9 +/- 2.8 micrograms per g creatinine (P less than 0.001). There was no statistical difference in the level of EGF between HCC patients and controls (40.9 +/- 29.3 versus 46.2 +/- 16.6 micrograms per g creatinine; P greater than 0.05). The ratio of EGF/TGF-alpha between HCC patients (3.37 +/- 4.42) and controls (15.5 +/- 13.0) was significantly different (P less than 0.001). Among patients, 65% (20 of 31) of HCC cases and 87% (13 of 15) of probable HCC cases showed a marked elevation of TGF-alpha levels. We found only 16% (five of 31) of HCC cases with increased EGF level. EGF excretion was inversely age related. Serum total protein concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity were positively correlated to EGF concentration (r = 0.522, P less than 0.01 and rt = 0.393, P less than 0.05, respectively). There was no correlation between biochemical functions of liver and TGF-alpha concentration in HCC patients. Our results also suggested that TGF-alpha may be a useful complementary tumor marker for management of patients with clinical manifestation of HCC who have low alpha-fetoprotein levels.
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PMID:Elevation of transforming growth factor alpha and its relationship to the epidermal growth factor and alpha-fetoprotein levels in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. 243 30

The characteristics of a new osteosarcoma-associated cell surface antigen were studied by means of two murine monoclonal antibodies, TP-1 and TP-3, which were found to bind to two different epitopes on the same antigen, a monomeric polypeptide with a molecular weight of approximately 80,000. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the antigen was present in all osteogenic sarcomas tested, in most cases of malignant fibrous histiocytoma, in two malignant hemangiopericytomas and in a few synovial sarcomas, but not in other main groups of sarcomas and nonsarcomatous malignancies. In normal tissues it was detected only in clusters of cells in the adrenal medulla and in proximal kidney tubules. Also endothelial cells in proliferating capillaries in placenta and in most tumors were stained. The antigen was absent in resting but present in actively proliferating osteoblastic cells. The epitopes were resistant to proteolytic and sugar-cleaving enzymes but sensitive to high temperatures and could not be detected in paraffin-embedded specimens. The tissue distribution and properties of the antigen show that it is different from the sarcoma-associated antigens previously studied. In contrast to previous findings with three other anti-sarcoma monoclonal antibodies, no correlation was found between serum alkaline phosphatase activity and the amount of TP-binding substances in the same sera. Nevertheless, an apparently complex association between alkaline phosphatase and the TP-binding antigen seems to exist. Thus, the Mr 80,000 antigen extracted from an osteosarcoma cell line showed enzyme activity, whereas TP-binding molecules precipitated from patient sera contained alkaline phosphatase activity only in a few of the cases studied. Altogether our data suggest that the antigen defined by the TP antibodies may be a marker of osteoblastic differentiation. The pattern of antigen expression in malignant tumors is unique, inasmuch as the antigen is found selectively in sarcomas and in all 31 osteosarcomas tested.
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PMID:Expression and characteristics of a novel human osteosarcoma-associated cell surface antigen. 245 39

Three independent mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) ID1 (IgG3), ID2 and ID3 (IgM) were raised against whole cells of a surgically resected human interdigitating cell sarcoma (ICS). In immunoperoxidase staining, these mAbs strongly stained the cytoplasm of ICS neoplastic cells as well as interdigitating cells in normal lymphoid tissues. These mAbs also detected monocyte/macrophages and dendritic cells, although their staining was highly variable depending on tissue distribution of the cells. Additional immuno-histological and enzyme histochemical study revealed that the neoplastic cells of ICS had cytoplasmic acid phosphatase and membranous alkaline phosphatase activity, and also possessed S100 beta protein, Ki-1 antigen. DAKO-macrophage antigen, and weak vimentin activity. Neither rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene nor of T-cell receptor genes was detected in the DNA of ICS by Southern hybridization. These observations provide further confirmation of our previous finding (Nakamura et al. 1988, 1989) that the origin of ICS is interdigitating rather than lymphoid cell, and indicate that our mAbs could be useful as a cellular differentiation marker of interdigitating cells and for diagnosis of ICS.
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PMID:Interdigitating cell sarcoma (ICS). Evidence of interdigitating cell origin, immunocytochemical studies with monoclonal anti-ICS antibodies. 250 4

For the purpose of clarifying cellular differentiation of epithelioid sarcoma, studies based on various methods were performed. Enzyme histochemical studies showed that epithelioid sarcoma tumor cells have characteristics intermediate between epithelial cells and the large plump cells of synovial sarcoma-incomplete epithelial differentiation. For alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase particularly, positive cells and negative cells coexisted, as in the large plump cells of synovial sarcoma. Immunohistochemical studies for alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, vimentin, and keratin also showed that epithelioid sarcoma tumor cells are very similar to the large plump cells of synovial sarcoma and have incomplete epithelial differentiation. For example, the examinations of serial sections and double staining methods revealed that keratin-positive cells are always vimentin-positive in epithelioid sarcoma and in the monophasic area of synovial sarcoma. Electron-microscopically, bundles of intermediate filaments and filopodia toward the intercellular lumen were observed, as in the monophasic area of synovial sarcoma. The results of enzyme-histochemical and immunohistochemical studies of non-neoplastic synovial lining cells, performed here for the first time, are also discussed.
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PMID:Cellular differentiation of epithelioid sarcoma. An electron-microscopic, enzyme-histochemical, and immunohistochemical study. 258 Apr 43

The study of bone cancer has been difficult in part due to a lack of appropriate in vitro osteosarcoma model systems. The development of such systems is essential if a clearer understanding of the biology of and mechanisms behind the formation and progression of bone cancers is to be obtained. We report here the development of an in vitro model system which demonstrates important characteristics generally associated with osteosarcoma. The chick periosteal osteogenesis model was infected with the Fujinami Sarcoma Virus (FSV) containing the v-fps oncogene which encodes for a P140gag-fps protein-tyrosine kinase. Under the appropriate conditions FSV infected cultures developed bone and cartilaginous tissues which showed histopathological findings consistent with osteosarcoma. Biochemical data indicating massive increases in alkaline phosphatase activity, protein content, 3H-Thymidine incorporation as well as expression of active P140gag-fps confirm that transformation has occurred in FSV infected cultures. This novel in vitro model system should prove most useful in the study of bone cancer.
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PMID:In vitro transformation of osteoblasts: putative formation of osteosarcoma in vitro. 282 12

Previously we have reported the development of a model in vitro system for the study of osteosarcoma. In this system, when chick periosteal explants are infected with Fujinami sarcoma virus (FSV), osteosarcoma-like tissue is formed. In the present study, a series of histopathologic parameters of neoplastic transformation and osteogenesis were quantitated, at a single cell level, by computer-assisted morphometry. Most significantly, it was found that compared to uninfected (control) cultures, in the FSV-infected (experimental) cultures, the bone to osteoid ratio per unit area was decreased due to a relative decrease in the area of bone and an increase in the area of osteoid. The cellularity of the FSV-infected tissues was significantly increased due to an increase in the number of unlabeled and [3H]thymidine-labeled cells, while the proportion of alkaline phosphatase (AP) positive cells decreased. Double-label immunohistochemistry (with anti-P140gag-fps) and histochemistry for AP activity was performed, to demonstrate production of the oncogene-encoded protein, and osteoblastic differentiation respectively. In an in vitro transformation assay, single cells derived from control, uninfected cultures did not grow, while those derived from FSV-infected cultures formed colonies in semisolid medium. Some of these colonies demonstrated AP staining. Taken together these data show that in this in vitro system (i) neoplastic transformation of osteogenic cells does occur, (ii) changes in osteoid and bone production are related to neoplastic transformation, and (iii) osteosarcoma-like changes can be quantitated at the individual cell level.
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PMID:Neoplastic transformation of osteogenic cells: quantitative morphometric analysis of an in vitro model for osteosarcoma. 284 30

Recently we have developed a model in vitro system for the study of factors regulating the histogenesis of osteosarcoma. In this system, Fujinami sarcoma virus (FSV) induces osteosarcomatous changes such as increased cell proliferation and altered patterns of bone and nonmineralized matrix (osteoid) formation. Such changes can be quantitated at the individual cell level, by computer-assisted morphometry. Here we report on the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) on FSV-induced neoplastic transformation and osteogenesis in chick embryonic periosteum cultures, as reflected by a series of histopathological parameters. Most significantly, it was found that compared to 10(-9) M DEX treated cultures, in 10(-7) M DEX pretreated cultures, the bone/osteoid ratio was increased due to a relative increase in the area of bone and a decrease in the area of osteoid. The number of [3H]thymidine-labeled cells decreased significantly, while the proportion of alkaline phosphatase positive cells increased. Double-label immunohistochemistry (with anti-P140gag-fps) and histochemistry for alkaline phosphatase activity was performed, to demonstrate production of the oncogene-encoded protein, and osteoblastic differentiation, respectively. In an in vitro transformation assay single cells derived from 10(-9) M DEX treated cultures formed a significantly higher number of colonies than those obtained from 10(-7) M DEX pretreated cultures. Taken together, the data indicate that in the chick embryonic periosteum culture system, pretreatment with 10(-7) M DEX inhibits the ability of FSV to induce neoplastic transformation. This effect is probably the result of DEX-induced cell differentiation, prior to infection with FSV.
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PMID:Dexamethasone effects on induction of neoplastic transformation by Fujinami sarcoma virus in an in vitro chick embryo periosteal model for osteosarcoma. 284 66


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