Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The individual and combined effects of dietary toasted soybean meal (3.13-25%) and dietary licorice root extract (0.38-3.0%) on selected liver and intestinal enzyme levels and on clinical chemistry and histopathological parameters were evaluated on male F344 rats. All parameters were measured one and three months after the 50-day-old rats were started on the diets. By use of newly developed high-performance liquid chromatography-based analytic methods, measurable levels of daidzein (2.67 micrograms/ml) and glycyrrhetinic acid (7.87 micrograms/ml) were detected in the sera of rats on the 25% soybean and 3% licorice diets, respectively. Histopathological evaluations of organs and tissues yielded only nonsignificant strain-related changes. At all dosages, there were no significant soybean- or licorice-related anatomic lesions or hematologic changes. In the clinical biochemistry profile, soybean meal caused moderate but significant dose-dependent decreases in serum cholesterol and increases in alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, and phosphorus, which remained within the normal range. Liver glutathione transferase, catalase, and protein kinase C showed significant inductions (up to 50%) in response to increasing doses of soybean meal and licorice extract, with evidence for only marginal interaction between the two additives. Their effects on the intestinal mucosa were not significant. Ornithine decarboxylase levels, an indicator of promotional activity, were unchanged or repressed by the additives. The favorable effects of up to 25% toasted soybean meal and 3% licorice root extract on the levels of the four enzymes, without unfavorable changes in clinical parameters, might account in part for the chemopreventive activities of these additives. These effects would be in addition to direct inhibitory effects of known components in these additives on these or other enzymes or modulation of hormone activity that is not evaluated in this study.
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PMID:Effect of dietary soybean and licorice on the male F344 rat: an integrated study of some parameters relevant to cancer chemoprevention. 129 95

In 19 adult patients with choledocholithiasis who were operated on, excretion of free and conjugated sulfobromophthalein (BSP) in the bile collected through a T-tube inserted in the common bile duct was determined. The transport maximum (Tm) for BSP was calculated by the constant-infusion technique after an intravenous infusion of the dye at a rate of 0.3 and 0.09 mg/kg/min for the first and second hour, respectively. Free and conjugated BSP were measured in blood samples obtained at 30, 40, and 50 min of each hourly-infusion period, and in bile collected during the first 30 min (sample A) and between 30-50 min (sample B) after starting the first BSP infusion, and during the first 30 min (sample C) and between 30-50 min (sample D) after starting the second infusion. No correlations between Tm of BSP and glutathione transferase activity and between Tm and bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase in serum were found. Although there was an overall correlation between Tm of BSP and biliary excretion of BSP after 30 min of starting the BSP infusion (samples B, C and D) (r = 0.4716; P = 0.41), Tm values were always lower than recoveries of free BSP in bile. It seems that Tm of BSP (measured with the Wheeler's method) overestimates the actual values of biliary excretion of free BSP, and that the percentage of conjugated BSP in serum is related to the degree of impairment of biliary transport of BSP.
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PMID:Maximal biliary transport of sulfobromophthalein in patients with a T-tube placed in the common bile duct. 924 81

The intrarectal administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in rats induces ulcerative colitis, which results in histological alterations of colonic mucosa, severe modification of the cellular antioxidant defense system, and enhanced production of inflammatory eicosanoids. This study evaluated the influence of different dietary fatty acids, i.e., monounsaturated, n-3, and n-3 + n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, on the recovery of the colonic mucosa histological pattern, the cellular antioxidant defense system of colon, and PGE2 and LTB4 colonic mucosa contents in a model of ulcerative colitis induced by intrarectal administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Administration of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids led to a minimum stenosis score, a higher histological recovery, lower colon alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activities, and lower mucosal levels of PGE2 and LTB4 compared with the other two experimental groups. However, glutathione transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities were lower in the group treated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids than in the groups fed with either the monounsaturated or the n-6 + n-3 polyunsaturated enriched diet. We conclude that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can be administered to prevent inflammation in ulcerative colitis, but they cause a decrease in the colonic antioxidant defense system, promoting oxidative injury at the site of inflammation.
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PMID:Dietary monounsaturated n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids affect cellular antioxidant defense system in rats with experimental ulcerative colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. 988

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of severe protein-energy malnutrition on the antioxidant defense system in the small and large intestine in rats at weaning. Chronic diarrhea and the subsequent malnutrition were induced by oral intake of a lactose-enriched diet. Twenty rats were weaned at 21 days of age, and the control group was fed a semipurified synthetic diet for two weeks. The malnourished group was fed the same diet but carbohydrates were replaced by lactose, and they developed diarrhea one day after. Rats were killed, and macroscopic and histological features were analyzed, DNA content was measured, and alkaline phosphatase, myeloperoxidase, and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activities were determined to assess the degree of intestinal injury. Glutathione levels as well as the activities of intestinal glutathione transferase, glutathione reductase, total glutathione peroxidase, selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were measured to study the antioxidant defense system. Malnourished rats showed loss of body weight and an increase in length and weight in jejunum and ileum, while no significant changes were observed in colon. Epithelial cells showed fewer and shorter microvilli, larger mitochondria with low inner density and loss of cristae, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. The protein-to-DNA ratio was higher in the jejunum, ileum, and colon of malnourished rats. Glutathione levels decreased 40% in jejunum and 50% in colon of malnourished rats. A 40-50% decrease in the activity of all the enzymes of the antioxidant defense system was observed in the jejunum and ileum of malnourished rats, while only catalase and glutathione transferase activities decreased 50% in colon. These results suggest that early chronic diarrhea and severe protein-energy malnutrition impair the antioxidant defense system in both the small and large intestine, which may have a role in the pathogenesis and maintenance of the vicious circle of malabsorption-diarrhea-malnutrition in infancy.
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PMID:Chronic diarrhea impairs intestinal antioxidant defense system in rats at weaning. 1111 81

In order to develop a preventive strategy against ethanol-induced oxidative damages on various tissues and organs, we have examined the protective effect of aspartate on the pathogenesis of testes in the ethanol treated animals. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given ethanol in an amount of 36% of total calories via Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet for 6 weeks without or with aspartate (2 mM in the diet). The control group was pair-fed the diet containing isocaloric dextrin-maltose instead of ethanol. The pathogenesis of testes at post- 6 weeks of experiments were carried out by histochemistry and biochemical parameters for oxidative stress such as the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and the activities of glutathione utilizing enzymes were also examined. Chronic ethanol administration resulted in the increased amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the testes, which was significantly lessened by concurrent aspartate treatment (p < 0.05). In addition to this, liver function test indicated by alkaline phosphatase activity in serum showed that the ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity was significantly ameliorated by aspartate administration. And the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione transferase in testis cytosol were decreased in the ethanol treated rats (p < 0.01 and < 0.005, respectively). These data suggest that aspartate may attenuate the ethanol-induced oxidative tissue damage in rat testes possibly through a redox-related protective effect on peroxidation.
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PMID:Aspartate modulates the ethanol-induced oxidative stress and glutathione utilizing enzymes in rat testes. 1198 78

DON is one of the major mycotoxic contaminant of cereal grains throughout the world. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the effects of a range of environmentally relevant doses of DON in mice exposed through a subchronic toxicological assay. Animals received 3 days per week for 4 weeks, 0.014, 0.071, 0.355 or 1.774 mg of toxin/kg b.w. All doses, except 0.014 mg/kg, provoked increases in plasma immunoglobulin A whereas there was no change in plasma biochemical parameters such as alkaline phosphatase, electrolytes or other immunoglobulins. Administration of 0.071 or 0.355 mg/kg doses led to increased liver microsomal pentoxyresorufin depentylase and cytosolic glutathione transferase activities. Examining protein modulation, western blot analyses liver fractions from mice receiving these doses revealed increased levels in both P450 2b, GST alpha and pi isoenzymes without any change in P450 1a expression. A significant competitive inhibition of deoxynivalenol on CDNB conjugation in vitro suggests that the mycotoxin is a putative substrate for glutathione S-transferases. These changes in liver xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes are discussed by considering the structural nature of deoxynivalenol and previous reports on similar effects exerted by other trichothecenes. These results suggest that a subchronic exposure to low doses of deoxynivalenol causes changes in the normal liver metabolism of xenobiotics.
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PMID:Effect of various doses of deoxynivalenol on liver xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in mice. 1620 2

Propolis, a natural beehive product has been known for centuries for a variety of beneficial traditional medicinal properties. The present study was conducted to ascertain the antineoplastic potential of propolis along with paclitaxel against experimental mammary carcinogenesis. Female Sprague Dawley rats at 55 days of age were treated with dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to induce breast cancer. Paclitaxel at a dose of 33 mg/kg body mass intraperitoneally and propolis 50 mg/kg body weight orally was administered to the experimental animals, immediately after the carcinogen treatment and continued until the termination of the study. At the end of the treatment activities of phase I and II xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and liver marker enzymes were measured. A significant increase in carcinogen activating enzymes, cytochrome P(450), cytochrome b(5) and NADPH cytochrome C reductase with concomitant decrease in phase II enzymes, glutathione transferase and UDP-glucuronyl transferase were observed in animals with mammary cancer. Furthermore there was a significant decrease in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase with a sharp increase in alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and 5' nucleotidase. Propolis treatment caused the activity of these enzymes return to almost normal control levels, indicating the protective effect of propolis against dimethyl benz(a) anthracene induced carcinogenesis. On the basis of the observed results propolis can be considered a promising chemotherapeutic agent and can be administered as an adjuvant with paclitaxel chemotherapy.
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PMID:Therapeutic effect of propolis and paclitaxel on hepatic phase I and II enzymes and marker enzymes in dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced breast cancer in female rats. 1672 Jan 5

Nivalenol (NIV) is a toxic Fusarium secondary trichothecene metabolite occurring naturally in cereal grains. In order to evaluate the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), we tested the effects of a large array of oral doses of this toxin for responses on plasma biochemistry, the immune system and hepatic drug metabolism in mice. C57Bl6 mice received oral doses of toxin (0.014, 0.071, 0.355, 1.774 or 8.87 mg/kg bw) 3 days a week for 4 weeks. Only the highest dose of NIV induced an increase in plasma phosphate, decreases in plasma urea and immunoglobulin M and additional changes like increases in plasma alkaline phosphatase and immunoglobulin G. Interleukin 4 production was increased in cultured murine splenocytes. Regarding liver drug metabolising enzymes, the only glutathione transferase activity accepting 1-chloro-2,4-dinitro-benzene as substrate was transiently increased in mice receiving low doses (0.071 and 0.355 mg/kg bw) of NIV. Regarding the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, no significant change was observed in ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity whereas both methoxyresorufin and pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activities were decreased by 38-45% for the highest dose (8.87 mg/kg bw) of NIV. However, when analysed by Western blot analysis, the protein expression of mouse P450 1a, 2b, 2c, 3a and 4a subfamilies was unchanged in animals receiving NIV. In conclusion, the NOAEL of this toxin in our study was 1.774 mg/kg bw, corresponding to an exposure to 5 ppm contaminated food. Indeed hepatotoxicity appears in the only mice treated with a five fold higher oral dose of 8.87 mg/kg bw of NIV. Such exposure levels appear to be by far higher than the maximal natural occurrence measured in European cereals, known to range from 0.34 to 1.86 ppm.
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PMID:Effect of subacute oral doses of nivalenol on immune and metabolic defence systems in mice. 1756 10

Free radicals cause cell injury, when they are generated in excess or when the antioxidant defense is impaired. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is used as a model for liver injury. In this study antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of A. fertilisima (EEA) was investigated using CCl4 intoxicated rat liver as the experimental model. Oral administration of EEA at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight, for 14 consecutive days, the rate of the production of antioxidant enzymes like super oxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase in rats compared to the CCl4 treated group without any supporting treatment. Liver damage is detected by the measurement of the activities of serum enzymes like aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase which were released in to the blood from damaged cells. The normalization of these enzymes levels was observed in rats treated with EEA (100 mg/kg body weight) by reducing the leakage of the above enzymes in to the blood. The findings provide a rationale for further studies on isolation of active principles and its pharmacological evaluation. Protection offered by silymarin (standard reference drug) seemed relatively greater.
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PMID:Antioxidant activity of Aulosira fertilisima on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. 1869 72

Asiatic rice borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a cosmopolitan and destructive pest in rice fields of the world. This pest was reported in 1973 in Iran, and it has since spread widely in rice, Oryza sativa L., fields throughout the country. In this study, we tried to evaluate comparative toxicity of diazinon in five colonies of C. suppressalis, collected from Babol (Ba), Amol (Am) of Mazandaran Province and Rasht (Ra), Sheikhmahale (Sh), and Gourabzarmikh (Go) of Guilan Province, northern Iran. The LD50 values were compared. We also evaluated the general esterases, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutathione transferase (GST), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities from the five populations. The LD50 values of Ra, Ba, Am, and Sh (12.64, 11.4, 7.17, and 3.71 microg/mg larva(-1)) were 13.67-, 12.33-, 7.75-, and 4.02-fold higher than Go population (0.924 microg/mg larva(-1)). Using alpha-naphthyl acetate as substrate, the general esterase activities in Ra, Ba, Am, and Sh colonies were, respectively, 1.81-, 1.68-, 1.75-, and 1.35-fold more than those in Go population. When beta-naphthyl acetate was used as the substrate, activity ratio was measured 1.98-, 2.58-, 1.25-, and 1.24-fold compared with the Go population. Glutathione transferase activities in Ra, Ba, Am, and Sh populations were 1.27-, 1.68-, 0.98-, and 1.7-fold more than those in Go, when 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was used as the substrate. When 1,2-dichloro-4-nitro-benzene was used as the substrate, activity ratio was measured 1.14-, 1.42-, 0.56-, and 0.95-fold compared with Go population. The ALP activity demonstrated a significant difference among these populations and in Ra, Ba, Am, and Sh larvae were 3.54-, 4.62-, 3.84-, and 2.18-fold more than Go. The AChE inhibition or I50 value was 0.19, 0.22, 0.31, 0.19, and 0.26 mM in Ra, Ba, Am, Sh and Go populations, respectively. However, the results showed no significant differences in studied colonies. These biochemical characterizations of general esterases ALP, GST, and AChE were consistent with diazinon bioassay in the five populations. It is inferred from increased esterase, alkaline phosphatase and glutathione transferase, activities that might play an important role in the increasing resistance in C. suppressalis to diazinon among these five populations.
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PMID:Diazinon resistance in different selected strains of Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in northern Iran. 1961 Apr 37


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