Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of either 2.5 mg/kg Body Weight or 5 mg/kg Body Weight (BW) doses of isoflavones on semen quality, testosterone levels, lipid peroxidation and semen biochemistry of male New Zealand White rabbits. Animals were given both 2.5 mg/kg BW and 5 mg/kg BW doses of isoflavones. The tested doses were given to rabbits orally every other day for 13 weeks. Treatment with isoflavones caused an increase (p < 0.05) in libido (by decreasing the reaction time), sperm concentration, sperm motility (%), total motile sperm per ejaculate (TMS), packed sperm volume (PSV), total functional sperm fraction (TFSF), total sperm output, initial fructose concentration and normal sperm, while dead sperm was reduced compared to control animals. On the other hand, ejaculate volume, initial hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and plasma testosterone levels did not change in treated animals with both doses of isoflavones as compared to control. Concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), total lipids, and low density lipoprotein were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in seminal plasma of rabbits treated with either 2.5 mg/kg BW or 5 mg/kg BW doses of isoflavones. While, the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), acid phosphatase (AcP), and alkaline phosphatase (AlP) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in seminal plasma of treated animals. Also, total cholesterol, percentage cholesterol (out of total lipids), and high density lipoprotein were significantly (p < 0.05) increased, while triglyceride did not change in seminal plasma of treated animals. Supplementation at either level of isoflavones did not cause changes in live body weight (LBW), dry matter intake (DMI), and relative weights of testes and epididymis. The present results showed that either 2.5 mg/kg BW or 5 mg/kg BW doses of isoflavones caused an improvement of some semen characteristics and did not have negative effects on male fertility.
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PMID:Effect of isoflavones on reproductive performance, testosterone levels, lipid peroxidation, and seminal plasma biochemistry of male rabbits. 1562 89

The epididymis is essential for sperm development and maturation, and, subsequently, the ability of spermatozoa to penetrate and fertilize the female gamete. Functional differences in segments of the long tubule are reflected by histological differences among epididymal regions. The feline epididymis can be divided into six different regions according to their histological differences. A marked increase in sperm concentration occurs between regions 2 and 3, indicating resorption of fluid in region 2, a concept supported by the histological characteristics of the epithelium. At the transition between regions 4 and 5, located between the caput and corpus epididymides, histological characteristics change from being that of a maturation function to being typical of a storage function. Migration of the cytoplasmic droplet and induction of motility occur in this same region. Proteins are secreted from epithelial cells in the feline epididymis by merocrine and apocrine secretion, although the functions of different feline epididymal proteins have not been determined. Hypotaurine, taurine and, probably, alkaline phosphatase are produced by the feline epididymis. During epididymal transit the percentage of immature, unviable and morphologically abnormal spermatozoa decreases, indicating the existence of a mechanism that removes abnormal spermatozoa. In contrast, the percentage of spermatozoa with abnormal tails increases slightly during epididymal transit. Most of the distal droplets present on spermatozoa in the cauda epididymis are lost at or after ejaculation. Additional knowledge of the feline epididymis should be beneficial for developing sperm preservation protocols and advance the prospects for effective male contraceptive methods.
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PMID:Sperm maturation in the domestic cat. 1662 Sep 28

The aim of the present study is to investigate the toxic effect of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) on testicular functions of rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered different doses of OP at the levels of 0 (control), 50, 150 and 450 mg/kg/d for 30 d. Testicular functions were assessed by histopathology, testicular sperm head counts, daily sperm production, sperm motility (measured by computer assisted sperm analysis, CASA) and biochemical indices (marker testicular enzymes). The size and weight of the testis, epididymis, and prostate were reduced in all the three dosages. Histopathologically, damages of spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells were observed by electron microscope. Testicular sperm numbers, daily sperm production and activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were decreased significantly in the 450 mg/kg/d OP group. The motility of spermatozoa was reduced significantly in 150 and 450 mg/kg/d treated groups. These data demonstrate that OP affects testicular functions. The primary sites of action may be spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells. The results of the present study provide first information of OP on sperm motility.
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PMID:The toxic effects of 4-tert-octylphenol on the reproductive system of male rats. 1663 Dec 97

Aquaporin-9 (AQP9) is an aquaglyceroporin membrane channel shown biophysically to conduct water, glycerol, and other small solutes. Because the physiological role/s of AQP9 remain undefined and the expression sites of AQP9 remain incomplete and conflicting, we generated AQP9 knockout mice. In the absence of physiological stress, knockout mice did not display any visible behavioral or severe physical abnormalities. Immunohistochemical analyses using multiple antibodies revealed AQP9 specific labeling in hepatocytes, epididymis, vas deferens, and in epidermis of wild type mice, but a complete absence of labeling in AQP9(-/-) mice. In brain, no detectable labeling was observed. Compared with control mice, plasma levels of glycerol and triglycerides were markedly increased in AQP9(-/-) mice, whereas glucose, urea, free fatty acids, alkaline phosphatase, and cholesterol were not significantly different. Oral administration of glycerol to fasted mice resulted in an acute rise in blood glucose levels in both AQP9(-/-) and AQP9(+/-) mice, revealing no defect in utilization of exogenous glycerol as a gluconeogenic substrate and indicating a high gluconeogenic capacity in nonhepatic organs. Obese Lepr(db)/Lepr(db) AQP9(-/-) and obese Lepr(db)/Lepr(db) AQP9(+/-) mice showed similar body weight, whereas the glycerol levels in obese Lepr(db)/Lepr(db) AQP9(-/-) mice were dramatically increased. Consistent with a role of AQP9 in hepatic uptake of glycerol, blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in Lepr(db)/Lepr(db) AQP9(-/-) mice compared with Lepr(db)/Lepr(db) AQP9(+/-) in response to 3 h of fasting. Thus, AQP9 is important for hepatic glycerol metabolism and may play a role in glycerol and glucose metabolism in diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Defective glycerol metabolism in aquaporin 9 (AQP9) knockout mice. 1736 Jun 90

A complete breeding soundness evaluation is essential for assessment of the infertile male dog. Cryptorchidism, a sex-limited autosomal recessive trait, is more common as a unilateral condition. Azoospermia is an ejaculate consisting of seminal plasma but lacking sperm; repeated semen collections in the presence of an estrual bitch will rule out inadequate experience and lack of sexual stimulation. Both carnitine and alkaline phosphatase (AP) are produced in the epididymis; seminal plasma AP concentrations>5000 U/L indicate a normal ejaculate, whereas <5000 U/L is associated with incomplete ejaculation. Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), the most common age-related condition in intact male dogs, is characterized by a sanguineous urethral discharge, hematuria, or hemospermia; diagnosis is based on prostatic enlargement and confirmed by a transabdominal biopsy. Although castration is recommended, valuable breeding dogs can be given finasteride. Prostatitis is more common in older dogs with BPH. Culture of the third fraction of the ejaculate or urine obtained by cystocentesis is indicated. Bacterial prostatitis is treated with antibiotics with high lipid solubility. Some dogs with bacterial prostatitis may develop prostatic abscesses (a medical and surgical emergency). Prostatic cysts are often asymptomatic. Approximately, 5-7% of dogs with prostatic disease have prostatic neoplasia, most commonly adenocarcinoma (it occurs in both intact and castrated dogs), which often metastasizes and has a very poor prognosis. Although a specific diagnosis can be made in many cases of male dog infertility, not all causes are amenable to treatment.
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PMID:Common causes of male dog infertility. 1751 45

Methoxyisopropanol and Methoxyisopropyl Acetate, commonly known as propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME) and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), respectively, have fragrance, solvent, and viscosity-decreasing functions in cosmetics, although only Methoxyisopropanol is in current use at concentrations ranging from 4% to 35%. Methoxyisopropanol is easily absorbed into the bloodstream upon inhalation or ingestion. The acetate ester is readily metabolized to Methoxyisopropanol in the body, which is excreted unchanged in the expired breath or in the urine as free or conjugated Methoxyisopropanol, or as the primary metabolite propylene glycol. In acute oral toxicity studies, the LD(50) values of Methoxyisopropanol were 4.6 to 9.2 g/kg in rats, with similar low acute toxicity in other animal species. Inhalation exposures of rats, mice, and rabbits to 3000 ppm Methoxyisopropanol for 6 h per day for 9 days to 13 weeks produced increased relative liver weights, signs of central nervous system (CNS) depression, and in some cases, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, or hepatocellular hypertrophy, but the kidneys were unaffected. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for 13-week inhalation exposures to Methoxyisopropanol was 1000 ppm in rats and rabbits. In a 90-day dermal exposure study using rabbits, 10 ml/kg undiluted Methoxyisopropanol produced narcosis and increased kidney weights and the NOAEL was 7.0 ml/kg. Chronic (2-year) daily inhalation exposures of rats and mice to 3000 ppm Methoxyisopropanol produced signs of liver toxicity (rats and mice) and some evidence of renal toxicity in rats. The only observation at 1000 ppm was dark foci of the liver in male rats. For female rats and male and female mice, the NOAEL of this chronic inhalation study was 1000 ppm Methoxyisopropanol. Methoxyisopropanol and Methoxyisopropyl Acetate were found to be nonirritating to slightly irritating and non-sensitizing in rabbit and guinea pig skin. Repeated applications of undiluted Methoxyisopropanol to the eyes of rabbits produced transient slight to moderate irritation. Pregnant rats exposed to 200 or 600 ppm Methoxyisopropanol by inhalation on gestation days 6 to 17 had no effects on maternal health or normal fetal development. Adult male rats exposed to these concentrations had no effects on the reproductive organs. Pregnant rats and rabbits exposed to 500 to 3000 ppm Methoxyisopropanol by inhalation during gestation had no significant embryotoxic or fetotoxic effects, althougth CNS depression and reduced body weight gain were observed in the 3000 ppm group. In a two-generation inhalation study using rats, continuous inhalation of 3000 ppm Methoxyisopropanol produced CNS depression, prolonged estrous cycles, reduced fertility indices, reduced pup weights and pup survival, and delayed sexual development, with a NOAEL for reproductive and developmental effects of 1000 ppm. In a continuous breeding protocol using mice, 2.0% Methoxyisopropanol in drinking water produced reduced growth, reduced relative epididymis weight, reduced relative prostate weight, and increased liver weight (females only) in offspring, with a NOAEL at a 1% concentration. Exposure of mice or rats to 300 ppm to 3000 ppm Methoxyisopropanol by inhalation produced no signs of carcinogenicity. Methoxyisopropanol was negative for mutagenicity or genetic toxicity in the bacterial reverse mutation assay (<or= 5000 microg/plate), the unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assay (<or= 0.1 M), V79 Chinese hamster lung assay (>100 mM), and in the Siberian hamster embryo assay (concentrations not reported). In other assays, 100 mM Methoxyisopropanol increased sister chromatid exchanges in V79 cells. In human inhalation exposure studies of 1 to 7 h duration, 50 to 75 ppm Methoxyisopropanol vapor had an objectionable odor; 150 ppm was slightly irritating to the eyes and throat; 250 ppm produced eye irritation, lacrimation, blinking, rhinorrhea, and headache; 300 ppm was mildly irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat; 750 ppm was extremely irritating; and 2050 ppm produced extreme discomfort with severe lacrimation, blepharospasm, and painful breathing. None of the concentrations tested impaired motor coordination or performance on neurological tests. The irritating effects subsided within 15 min to 24 h of removal from the inhalation chamber. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended an 8-h time-weighted average for occupational exposure of 100 ppm. A margin of safety of 500 was determined, based on a calculated exposure from the normal use of nail polish remover products (100% absorption) and the NOAEL for reproductive toxicity. The absorption of Methoxyisopropanol through the nail is likely to be low, suggesting this margin of safety is conservative. Because Methoxyisopropanol is volatile, exposure by inhalation is possible, but the odor becomes objectionable at 50 to 75 ppm in air. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel concluded that Methoxyisopropanol and Methoxyisopropyl Acetate are safe for use in nail care products in the practices of use and concentration as described in this safety assessment.
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PMID:Final report on the safety assessment of methoxyisopropanol and methoxyisopropyl acetate as used in cosmetics. 1883 Aug 62

The pesticides are one of the most potentially harmful chemicals liberated in the environment in an unplanned manner Malathion is widely used as a potent pesticide in many countries and has been shown to produce some adverse health effects. A study was conducted to asses the effects of malathion on the male reproductive system of wistar rats. The pesticide was administered to rats orally at dose levels of 50, 150 and 250 mg/kg/body wt/day for 60 days. In comparison to the control rats, there was a significant reduction in the weight of testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle and ventral prostate. Testicular and epididymal sperm density were decreased in the animals treated with malathion. Pre and post fertility test showed 80% negative results after treatment Biochemical profile of the testis revealed a significant decline in the contents of sialic acid and glycogen. Whereas a significant increase in the protein content of testis and testicular cholesterol was observed. The activity of testicular enzyme acid phosphatase increased significantly while decreased alkaline phosphatase activity was found. Malathion also suppressed the level of testosterone significantly Results of the present study clearly suggest that malathion induce toxic effects on the male reproductive system of rats.
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PMID:Effect of malathion on reproductive system of male rats. 1883 86

Mouse cauda epididymis were in-vivo transfected using the lipid FuGENE 6 as gene vector. Two gene constructions were employed: the p-GeneGRIP which codifies for the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and the pSEAP-control that expresses an alkaline phosphatase as a secretion. Transfection was detected by fluorescence and appeared in the nucleus and cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Transfection was observed in 39.70% of cells after 2 days and in 31.77% after 7 days, and then diminished progressively. Moreover, the presence of the transgene in the DNA isolated from treated epididymides was observed by polymerase chain reaction. GFP gene expression appeared in large areas of the cauda epididymis and it was observed exclusively in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. GFP gene expression occurred during 2 weeks after gene injection and occupied 32.24, 29.98 and 22.37% of the area of the tubules when analyzed 2, 7 and 15 days after gene injection. The cauda was also analyzed in toto and showed similar results. The use of the pSEAP-control gene showed that cauda epididymis secretions can also be modified by the transfection procedure. A significant increase of alkaline phosphatase activity appeared in the epididymal fluids 7 days after gene injection. These results indicate that transfection procedures could be an important tool in the future to study epididymal physiology or to change the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa.
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PMID:In-vivo gene transfer induces transgene expression in cells and secretions of the mouse cauda epididymis. 1933 30

The present study was conducted to evaluate the contraceptive effect of an aqueous extract from the leaves of Aegle marmelos (AMLAq) on the reproductive organs of male rats with an emphasis on reversibility. Adult male rats were treated daily with different doses of AMLAq, i.e., 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg bw/day for 60 days. The data presented in this study demonstrate that the weight of the reproductive organs was reduced significantly in all the treatment groups. AMLAq induced a significant decrease in the sperm motility and sperm density of the Cauda epididymis and testes. The reduction in fertility was 50%, 85% and 100%, respectively, in the treatment groups. The testosterone level also significantly declined. Biochemical analysis of the reproductive tissues for sialic acid, protein, glycogen, fructose, ascorbic acid, acid and alkaline phosphatase indicated a significant decrease whereas testicular cholesterol level significantly increased indicating alterations in the biochemical milieu of the genital organs. Fertility and other effects gradually returned to control levels 120 days after cessation of treatment. No clinical signs of side effects on general metabolism were detected throughout the treatment, and after withdrawal, body weight gain was similar in all groups together with no alterations in the weight of vital organs', hematological and serological parameters.
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PMID:Assessment of the contraceptive efficacy of the aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos Corr. leaves in male albino rats. 1980 61

Immature male albino rats, 30 days of age, were treated with 0.3 mg nicotine/100 g body weight either orally or intraperitoneally for 30 days. All the animals were autopsied on the 61 st day, by which time they were sexually mature. Testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate gland and vas deferens were dissected out, weighed, and processed for biochemical and histological studies. Weight of testis and accessory sex organs of nicotine treated group was significantly reduced. The total cholesterol content was increased while protein, DNA and RNA contents were decreased. The acid phosphatase content was also decreased whereas that of alkaline phosphatase was increased. The surface epithelial cell height of accessory sex organs was decreased along with secretory activity. No spermatozoan was observed in the cauda epididymis of intraperitoneal nicotine treated rats. The changes in the testis and accessory sex organs may be due to reduced output of pituitary FSH and LH which are important to initiate the spermatogenesis and steroidogensis. The absence of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymis and reduction in the activities of accessory sex organs indicates the delay caused by nicotine in the attainment of puberty.
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PMID:Nicotine delays puberty in male rat. 2121 79


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