Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Chronic administration of solasodine (20 mg/kg alt. day for 30 days) caused testicular lesions resulting in a severe impairment of spermatogenic elements. The epididymides were devoid of spermatozoa. Total protein, sialic acid and glycogen contents of the testis and epididymis were reduced significantly whereas the testicular cholesterol was elevated. Acid Phosphatase enzyme activity of the testes was low after solasodine treatment. Serum enzymes (SGPT, alkaline phosphatase) serum protein, triglycerides, non esterified fatty acid levels were in normal range when compared with their own controls. Cholesterol and phospholipid levels were elevated after solasodine treatment to intact dogs. Reduced androgen production was reflected in low levels of sialic acid in the testes and epididymides and reduced Leydig cell nuclei. Castration alone brought about reduction in size of the epididymis. Castration followed by solasodine treatment caused epididymal degeneration. Simultaneous administration of TP to solasodine treated castrated dogs failed to stimulate the epididymal growth. Antispermatogenic/antiandrogenic activity of the compound solasodine is discussed. Solasodine administration in dogs definitely rendered the male infertile as evidenced by the absence of sperms in the cauda epididymis and ductus deferens.
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PMID:Antispermatogenic/antiandrogenic properties of solasodine (C27H43O2N) obtained from solanum xanthocarpum berries on the male genital tract of dog (Canis-familiaris). A histophysiological approach. 711 68

The changes resulting from treatment with cadmium were studied following the histological changes, the modification of both vascular permeability to vital dyes and of alkaline phosphatase activity in rat testis and epididymis. The testicular extravasation of acriflavine started 90 min following parenteral injection of cadmium and increased thereafter synchronous with an increase in testicular and epididymal weights due to edema. At 14 and 24 hr a striking decrease of interstitial fluorescence and tubular degeneration were noted in testis and caput epididymis due to thrombosis of the microvascular circulation. The barrier noted at 8 hr following cadmium injection. No changes of alkaline phosphatase activity was detected in testicular and epididymal blood vessels after cadmium injection. Previous treatment with cyproterone acetate accelerated the appearance of such alterations. The interstitial nuclear staining with acriflavine appeared in the testis at 1 hr and was diffuse at 90 and 120 min. cyproterone acetate seemed to accelerate the appearance of tubular degeneration at 8 hr after cadmium injection. The changes of the male rat gonad following cadmium treatment were characterized by an increased vascular permeability and generalized thrombosis. An inbalance of androgen stimulation seems to increase the blood vessels susceptibility to cadmium.
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PMID:Acute cadmium intoxication: influence of cyproterone acetate on the testis and epididymis of the rat. 721 46

The resorptive activity of the efferent ductules was studied in mature and immature bulls using histochemical, electron microscopical, and experimental methods. Resorptive activity was indicated by the uptake of the protein tracer (HRP) and the presence of microvilli, endocytotic apparatus, and alkaline phosphatase activity. The above features were found in all three types of nonciliated cells, but were apparently best developed in vacuolated (type III) cells. The resorptive apparatus was fully developed by 25 weeks, an age which roughly corresponds with the luminization of seminiferous tubules and the onset of spermatogenesis. In mature bulls the resorptive apparatus was markedly affected by androgen deprivation resulting from orchidectomy and was restored by the administration of testosterone, indicating its dependence upon the circulating androgen. Efferentiectomy had little impact, indicating that the luminal androgen does not play a major role in maintaining the resorptive apparatus. The tracer study revealed that the specific granules and vacuoles of type II and III cells, respectively, are not associated with resorptive function. It also showed that the tracer injected into the rete testis took 6 to 24 hours to pass through the efferent ductules and reach the initial segment of the epididymis.
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PMID:The resorptive activity in the bull efferent ductules--a morphological and experimental study. 744 55

Adenosine triphosphate metabolism in caudal epididymis bovine spermatozoa was studied. Measurements by HPLC at appropriate time intervals of the spermatozoa content of ATP and its derivatives were carried out under different experimental conditions. In the presence of 2-D-glucose, cellular ATP was transformed almost quantitatively into ADP and AMP at a rate of 2.3 nmol/min per 10(8) cells. At the same time, ADP and AMP accumulated at a rate of 1.52 and 0.58 nmol/min per 10(8) cells, respectively. In the first 4 min, about 50% of total ATP was degraded, the AEC of the cells dropped to non-physiological values while the content of other nucleosides did not vary significantly. Inorganic P(i) content also remained unchanged. Under non-induced conditions up to 240 min, no variations of the adenylic content and of the EC value was observed. Under induced and non-induced conditions, IMP and adenosine were not detected within the spermatozoa. The lack of IMP might be ascribed either to the absence of AMP deaminase, whose activity has never been found in the spermatozoa or to the intracellular environment which down regulates the activity of the enzyme. In order to explain low levels and absence of variations of adenosine, several enzymic investigations were carried out. Adenosine kinase activity was not determined, therefore the transformation of adenosine into AMP had to be excluded. Nevertheless, enzymic activities potentially able to dephosphorylate the formed AMP are present in the spermatozoa. Our findings are indicative of the existence in the spermatozoa of acid and alkaline phosphatase and of 5'-nucleotidase membrane-derived.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Adenosine triphosphate catabolism in bovine spermatozoa. 758 34

In this study we have used acridine orange staining, as described by Evenson (1990), to follow changes in DNA packaging as they occur in hamster spermatozoa which have left the testis and are undergoing maturation in the epididymis. Measurement of the green and red fluorescent intensities of hamster sperm nuclei by flow cytometry demonstrated a decrease in acridine orange binding to DNA as sperm made their way from proximal corpus epididymis to the vas deferens. Using sperm from the cauda epididymis of the mature hamster as the standard, a method was developed for estimating the % of cells in a given sample that have matured with regard to DNA packaging. Staining with bromobimane was used to determine the extent of sulfhydryl oxidation in the nuclei. It was seen that sulfhydryl oxidation occurred mainly in the cauda epididymis whereas another process in chromatin condensation occurred earlier, during sperm passage through the caput epididymis. This earlier process could be mimicked by incubating sperm nuclei with alkaline phosphatase, suggesting that it consists of removal of phosphate in protamine.
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PMID:Chromatin condensation in hamster sperm: a flow cytometric investigation. 812 36

The histological and biochemical changes in the caput and cauda epididymis of albino rat treated with 20, 40 and 60 mg dry powder of the leaves of A. indica per day for 24 days are reported. In the treated rats, the height of the epithelium and the diameter of the nucleus in both the regions were reduced. The lumen of the caput was packed with lymphocytes. Biochemically, a decrease in the protein content and acid phosphatase activity and an increase in the alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activities were observed in both the regions. The effect was dose dependent. Further, serum testosterone concentration in the higher dose treated animals decreased significantly. The results suggest a possible antiandrogenic property of the leaves of A. indica.
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PMID:Changes in epididymal structure and function of albino rat treated with Azadirachta indica leaves. 857 2

Semenogelin I and II (Sgl, Sgll) are two separate gene products of chromosome 20 with extensive (80%) identity in primary structure. They are mainly responsible for immediate gel formation of freshly ejaculated semen. Degradation of Sgl and Sgll is due to the proteolytic action of prostate-specific antigen (PSA); it results within 5-15 minutes in liquefaction of semen and release of progressively motile spermatozoa. By means of cDNA cloning and Northern blots, Sgl and Sgll transcripts have previously been shown to be abundant in human seminal vesicles, but Sgll alone is suggested to be expressed at low levels in the epididymis. To characterize the expression and tissue distribution of Sgl and Sgll in greater detail, we produced monoclonal immunoglobulin Gs (lgGs for immunocytochemistry (lCC) and specific [35S]-, digoxigenin-, or alkaline phosphatase-labeled 30-mer antisense probes to Sgl and Sgll for in situ hybridization (lSH). Immunocytochemical staining for both Sgl and Sgll, and lSH detection of both Sgl and Sgll transcripts, were demonstrated in the cytoplasm of seminal vesicle epithelium. lSH showed Sgll alone to be expressed in the epithelium of the epididymal cauda. Neither lCC nor lSH yielded any evidence of Sgl or Sgll expression in caput or corpus epithelium or in any stromal cells of the epididymis. Consistent with our previous findings using polyclonal lgG, monoclonal anti-Sgll Sgll lgGs identified epitopes on the posterior head, midpiece, and tail of ejaculated spermatozoa. Spermatozoa in the epididymal cauda were also immunoreactive, but those in the caput or corpus region of the epididymis as well as those in the testis were negative. As shown by lCC, neither Sgl nor Sgll were expressed in the testis, the prostate, the female genital tract, or other normal human tissue specimens. Although the significance of Sg attachment to epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa remains to be established, monoclonal anti-Sg lgG might prove useful in establishing the origin of seminal vesicle tissue components in prostate core biopsies or other biopsy specimens.
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PMID:Distribution and tissue expression of semenogelin I and II in man as demonstrated by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. 883 37

Mancozeb-a fungicide of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate group was orally administered at doses of 500, 1,000 and 1,500 mg/kg body weight/day for 30, 90, 180 and 360 days. Signs of toxicity mortality pattern and loss in body weight were observed in dose dependent manner. However, signs of intoxication and mortality pattern were more pronounced till the exposure of 90 days. A significant increase in testes and decrease in epididymis weight were associated with degeneration in seminiferous and epididymal tubules with loss of sperms. The decrease in gonadal acid phosphatase (ACP), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were observed with increased serum cholesterol. Sialic acid and protein content of testis and epididymis were also decreased in dose dependent manner. The study has thus indicated marked biochemical and pathological changes in gonads of male rats after chronic exposure to mancozeb.
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PMID:Induction of gonadal toxicity to male rats after chronic exposure to mancozeb. 900 8

Adult male albino rats were treated with 0.4 mg nicotine/100 g body weight either orally or intraperitoneally for 30 days. All animals were autopsied on the 31st day. Epididymis and vas deferens were dissected out, weighed and processed for biochemical estimations. Nicotine caused a reduction in the weight of epididymis and vas deferens in both drug treated groups. The total cholesterol content is increased while protein, DNA and RNA contents and the epididymal sperm count were decreased. The acid phosphatase content is also decreased, whereas alkaline phosphatase is increased. The surface epithelial cell height of these ducts is decreased and secretory activity is reduced with the disruption of epithelial cell projections. These changes may be due to non-availability of androgens in nicotine treated rats.
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PMID:Nicotine induced inhibition of the activities of accessory reproductive ducts in male rats. 961 35

Occupational painters are exposed to ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGEE), a widely used emulsifying solvent known to cause testicular degeneration and bone marrow depression, together with toluene (TOL) and xylene (XYL) as a mixture. In the previous study (Chung et al., Tox. Lett. 104:143, 1999), testicular atrophy caused by EGEE (200 mg/kg) was shown to be antagonized by co-administration of TOL (250 mg/kg) and XYL (500 mg/kg). This study was conducted to provide histological support for the previously observed antagonistic protective effect of TOL + XYL on EGEE inducible testicular toxicity and to determine whether a similar antagonistic effect can be demonstrated against the EGEE derived hematopoietic toxicity. Compared to the extent of seminiferous tubule degeneration caused by EGEE (150 mg/kg, six times per week for 4 weeks), testes of rats given co-administration of TOL (250 mg/kg) + XYL (500 mg/kg) showed dramatically reduced tubular degeneration. Hyperplasia of Leydig cells in the interstitium was observed in both EGEE and EGEE + TOL + XYL-treated rats. Although a minimal dose of EGEE causing testicular atrophy was used, WBC and platelet counts were decreased significantly. In the TOL + XYL-treated control group, the WBC and platelet counts were not decreased. However, the bone marrow depression caused by EGEE was not reversed by the combined administration of TOL + XYL. In all experimental groups (EGEE alone, TOL + XYL, EGEE + TOL + XYL), plasma levels of creatinine and alkaline phosphatase were significantly decreased. In addition to the marked testicular atrophy, EGEE also decreased the weights of adrenal glands and epididymis. In conclusion, while the testicular degeneration caused by EGEE was antagonized by TOL + XYL, the EGEE derived hematopoietic suppression was not reversed.
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PMID:Co-administration of toluene and xylene antagonized the testicular toxicity but not the hematopoietic toxicity caused by ethylene glycol monoethyl ether in Sprague-Dawley rats. 1051 26


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