Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The consumption of plants containing the diterpenoid atractyloside (ATR) causes selective proximal tubule injury, renal failure and death in humans. We have compared the effects of ATR in freshly isolated renal proximal tubules and glomeruli from rat and also in cell lines: NRK, derived from the proximal tubules, and MDBK and MDCK more closely representing the distal nephron. The effects of ATR (10-500 microM) on proximal tubules and glomeruli were assessed by changes in lipid peroxidation, de novo protein synthesis and the leakage of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG). The susceptibility of NRK, MDBK and MDCK cell lines to ATR was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, measuring mitochondrial reduction. Enzyme leakage was the most sensitive of the markers of cell injury in fresh fragments and ranked LDH > GDH > ALP > NAG in proximal tubules. As little as 20 microM ATR caused significant enzyme leakage from proximal tubules, but there were no increases in enzyme leakage from glomeruli at concentrations < and = 500 microM ATR. De novo protein synthesis was only inhibited 50% at ATR concentration > 5 mM in the proximal tubules, but there were no effects in glomeruli. Malondialdehyde production was significantly elevated at 1 mM ATR for proximal tubules, and 500 microM for glomeruli. NRK cells were sensitive to ATR (IC50, 120 microM), but MDBK or MDCK cells were unaffected by < and = 1 mM of this diterpenoid. Both freshly isolated fragments and continuous cell lines representing the proximal tubules are more sensitive to ATR than either glomeruli or cells representing the distal nephron. These data also show that protein synthesis is a less specific and sensitive measure of ATR cytotoxicity than enzyme leakage in fragments. MTT reduction to formazan was the most sensitive in the NRK cell line. The low levels of lipid peroxidation products in proximal tubular fragments or sensitive renal cell lines at toxic levels of ATR suggest that oxidative injury is not a key mechanism.
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PMID:Selective cytotoxicity associated with in vitro exposure of fresh rat renal fragments and continuous cell lines to atractyloside. 901 May 90

A hyperthermophilic, anaerobic archaeon was isolated from hydrothermal fluid samples obtained at the Okinawa Trough vents in the NE Pacific Ocean, at a depth of 1395m. The strain is obligately heterotrophic, and utilizes complex proteinaceous media (peptone, tryptone, or yeast extract), or a 21-amino-acid mixture supplemented with vitamins, as growth substrates. Sulfur greatly enhances growth. The cells are irregular cocci with a tuft of flagella, growing optimally at 98 degrees C (maximum growth temperature 102 degrees C), but capable of prolonged survival at 105 degrees C. Optimum growth was at pH 7 (range 5-8) and NaCl concentration 2.4% (range 1%-5%). Tryptophan was required for growth, in contrast to the closely related strains Pyrococcus furiosus and P. abyssi. Thin sections of the cell, viewed by transmission electron microscopy, revealed a periplasmic space similar in appearance to the envelope of P. furiosus. The predominant cell membrane component was tetraether lipid, with minor amounts of diether lipids. Treatment of the cells by mild osmotic shock released an extract that contained a Zn(2+)-dependent alkaline phosphatase. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences encoding 16S rRNA and glutamate dehydrogenase places the isolate with certainty within the genus Pyrococcus although there is relatively low DNA-DNA hybridization (< 63%) with described species of this genus. Based on the reported results, we propose a new species, to be named Pyrococcus horikoshii sp.nov.
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PMID:Pyrococcus horikoshii sp. nov., a hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a hydrothermal vent at the Okinawa Trough. 967 87

Severe iron deficiency results in complex systemic disorders e.g., including metabolism of energy and minerals. To investigate whether also moderate iron depletion may alter the activities of citric cycle enzymes and the cytochrome oxidase, the trace element status, and serum enzymes indicative of cell damage, this experiment was carried out with rats supplied with sub-optimal iron (9, 13 and 18 mg iron per kg diet) over a total of 5 weeks. The study included 3 pair-fed groups and an ad libitum group, fed with 50 mg iron/kg diet. All iron-restricted rats were classified as iron-deficient on the basis of reduced iron concentrations in body and iron-depending blood parameters. Body weight gain and catalase activity in kidney were lowered in rats receiving the lowest dietary iron level, exclusively. Rats fed 9 and 13 mg iron per kg diet had nearly 6- and 3-fold, respectively higher platelet counts in blood than their corresponding pair-fed controls. The activities of transaminases ASAT and ALAT, alkaline phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in serum which are indicative of cell damage were also markedly influenced by moderate dietary iron restriction, in which the enzyme levels in serum increased with intensifying iron depletion. Although, moderate iron restriction to young male rats was associated with marked alterations in iron status and serum enzymes, the activities of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes including malic dehydrogenase, fumarase, and isocitric dehydrogenase as well as cytochrome oxidase in liver remained largely unaffected. Only hepatic aconitase showed a somewhat reduction with iron depletion. Moreover, iron restriction was also accompanied with an accumulation of copper in liver which was significant for rats fed 9 and 13 mg iron per kg diet, whereas zinc status remained completely unaffected by moderate iron deficiency. It can be concluded, that a short-term moderate iron deficiency with ranging hemoglobin concentrations from 66 and 121 g/L, was accompanied with altered platelet counts, serum enzyme activities indicative of cell damage, and hepatic copper concentrations, but the activities of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes and cytochrome oxidase in liver remained largely unaffected.
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PMID:Effect of different degrees of moderate iron deficiency on the activities of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, and the cytochrome oxidase, and the iron, copper, and zinc concentrations in rat tissues. 980 Mar 17

Changes in the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in the heart following the consumption of diets deficient in zinc and essential fatty acids (EFA) by rats were investigated. The study was a 2 x 2 factorial design in which rats were fed diets deficient in zinc (5 micrograms/g) or EFA (4% hydrogenated coconut oil) or both. The control diet was adequate in both zinc (100 micrograms/g) and EFA (4% soybean oil). The experimental diets were fed for forty-two days after which time the activities of the enzymes were terminally determined in the heart of the rats. The result showed that the activity of ALP was markedly elevated in rats consuming either zinc or EFA deficient diet and slightly in the group deficient in both EFA and zinc. LDH and GDH activities were significantly depressed by EFA only. An interactive effect of zinc and EFA was indicated only for ALP activity. The data indicate a resistance of cardiac tissue to moderate zinc deficiency. However, the effects of EFA were apparent.
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PMID:Changes in the activities of three diagnostic enzymes in the heart of rats following the consumption of diets deficient in zinc and essential fatty acids. 981 96

The efficacy and safety of lomefloxacin in the treatment of patients with hepatitis due to the use of routine antituberculosis agents were estimated. The trial group included 20 patients (10 with increased activity of enzymes such as alanine and asparagine transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamate dehydrogenase) who were treated for various forms of tuberculosis with antitubeculosis drugs. The treatment course with lomefloxacin was 4 weeks (400 mg twice a day at 12-hour intervals). The criteria of the enrolment to the trial group were a more than 2-3 times higher activity of the enzymes and the absence of the markers of the virus hepatitis A, B and C. The therapy efficacy before and after the use of lomefloxacin was estimated clinically and by the findings of the laboratory and instrumental investigations. As a result of the treatment with lomefloxacin normalization of the enzyme activity and a favourable time course of the main disease were observed in the patients with drug hepatitis due to the use of antituberculosis agents requiring continuation of the antituberculosis therapy. An important result of the complex treatment with lomefloxacin and antituberculosis agents was discontinuation of the tubercle bacilli isolation in 70 per cent of the patients. Lomefloxacin proved to be a safe and efficient up-to-date agent for the treatment of tuberculosis in patients with hepatitis due to the use of antituberculosis drugs.
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PMID:[Lomefloxacin in phthisiatric practice]. 982 4

Twelve male and female Wistar rats each received cadmium (as CdCl2) in their diet at concentrations of 0, 10, 50, and 250 ppm for 72 weeks. After 1, 4, 8, 13, 18, 26, 32, 45, 57, and 68 weeks a total of 8 enzymes from different cellular compartments of the nephron were measured. At the end of the study period, the kidneys were examined histopathologically. Concentrations up to and including 50 ppm did not induce any adverse effect. At 250 ppm, growth of male and female animals was markedly retarded. Significantly increased activities of the cytosolic phosphohexose isomerase were excreted by males and females receiving 250 ppm at all timepoints from week 13. The values of the mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase were mostly elevated from week 1 to 57, however, due to a wide scatter range, were only occasionally significantly different from control values. The brush border enzymes (gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase and leucine arylamidase) were not changed in a relevant manner in female rats, while in 250 ppm males the excreted activity of ALP and LAP from week 1 to week 18, and that of GGT during the entire study period were significantly lower than the control values. Excretion of the lysosomal enzymes aryl sulfatase A, beta-galactosidase, and beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase was at no time influenced in a noteworthy manner. Histopathology after 72 weeks revealed chronic but also acute degenerative changes in the kidneys of 250 ppm males and females. A comparison of published data on persons having undergone high cadmium exposure with the results presented here shows remarkable differences.
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PMID:Time course of chronic oral cadmium nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats: excretion of urinary enzymes. 1053 56

Seven female and three male common wombats (Vombatus ursinus) collected from forested areas of Victoria (Australia) over a 10 mo period, 10 April 1997 to 22 February 1998 had at least 30% of their skin affected by severe hyperkeratotic sarcoptic mange. Mangy wombats were grazing during the day, could be readily approached, were in poor body condition, and lacked subcutaneous fat. The anterolateral surface of the body was most heavily parasitised with Sarcoptes scabiei var wombati followed by the posterolateral surface, the dorsal region between the ears, the ears, ventral abdomen, medial aspect of the legs, axillary and inguinal areas, and the dorsal midline. Larvae were the most prevalent life-cycle stage followed by eggs, nymphs, females, and males. Mite numbers and the severity of clinical signs, namely thickness of scale crust and the degree of alopecia, were correlated and were symmetrical on each side of the body. Fissuring of crust and skin only occurred when scale crust was present. Bacterial infections occurred in three of 10 wombats within lymph nodes or the pleural cavity. Lymphoid depletion did not occur in lymph nodes or spleens and prescapular lymph nodes contained a greater amount of nuclear debris in germinal centres than non-mangy wombats. Seven wombats had fatty change in their livers. Gonads of mature wombats were not active or had minimal activity. Significant histopathological changes were not seen in the gastrointestinal tract, kidney, brain, myocardium, spleen, thyroid, reproductive tract, and gonads. Hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and concentrations of hemoglobin, lymphocytes, calcium, glucose, creatinine, total solids, total protein, albumin determined both colormetrically and electrophoretically, and globulins were significantly lower and concentrations of neutrophils, monocytes, phosphorus, urea, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase were significantly higher in mangy versus captive wombats. Concentrations of erythrocytes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, leucocytes, band neutrophils, eosinophils, nucleated erythrocytes, sodium, potassium, chloride, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma glutamyltransferase for mangy wombats were not significantly different from that reported for captive wombats. Hematological and pathological changes in mangy wombats were consistent with anemia, inflammation, and changes seen with starvation.
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PMID:Distribution of life cycle stages of Sarcoptes scabiei var wombati and effects of severe mange on common wombats in Victoria. 1057 22

Haematological and biochemical examinations were carried out in 284 clinically healthy lambs aged from birth to nine month. The 122 male and 164 female animals belonged to the following breeds: German blackheaded mutton sheep (n = 114), Merino (n = 21), Frisian milksheep (n = 98), Texel (n = 31), Bentheimer landrace (n = 16) and Leine sheep (n = 5). The lambs were selected from a larger number of probationers by use of outlier tests. No differences were found between sexes for any of examined parameters. For the period from two to eight weeks of age breed differences could be proven for glutamate dehydrogenase and creatinin. Many parameters showed a strong dependence on the age of the lambs in a linear or polynomial function. While lymphocytes, protein, urea, creatinin, 3-hydroxybutyrate and copper increased, bilirubin, glucose, calcium, inorganic phosphate and the activities of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl-transferase decreased with age. Body weight had no influence on any examined parameter within the age dependence. Reference values (limits) are defined for healthy lambs and for healthy ewes, summarized from former studies.
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PMID:[Investigations on the dependence of hematologic and blood chemical parameters on the age of health lambs--a contribution to the definition of reference values in sheep]. 1058 55

The aim of the study was to investigate the changes in biochemical mechanisms facilitating cellular damages in the lithium plus pilocarpine treatment and the resulting status epilepticus. The whole brain free fatty acid (FFA) level as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), alanine-aminotransferase, gamma-glutamoyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase in the frontal cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus and pons-medulla region of Hannover-Wistar rats were determined. The control group was intact with no previous experimental history. LiCl (125 mg/kg i.p.) was injected 20 h prior to pilocarpine (30 mg/kg i.p.) and the treated rats were sacrificed 1 or 2 1/2 h after pilocarpine administration. The results show that lithium plus pilocarpine administration and the resulting status epilepticus produced the significant increase of the brain FFA content. Decreased GPX activities were detected in the frontal cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus of the treated rats without the accompanying decrease of SOD activity. Increased AST and LDH activities were observed in the frontal cortex, increased soluble ALP activities in the frontal cortex and pons-medulla region whereas the increased activity of membrane bound ALP was detected in the hippocampus of the rats with status epilepticus. Activities of the other analysed enzymes did not change in the examined brain regions. The presented data indicate clear regional differences of biochemical changes caused by lithium plus pilocarpine treatment and the resulting status epilepticus, frontal cortex being the most affected site.
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PMID:Lithium plus pilocarpine induced status epilepticus--biochemical changes. 1071 13

Using 4-month-old fetal bovine tissue, the properties of the tibia epiphyseal cartilage matrix vesicles, a type of endochondral ossification tissue, were compared with those from tracheal cartilage. The matrix vesicle fractions, obtained by collagenase digestion and differential centrifugation, were subjected to sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. Alkaline phosphatase activity, protease activity, and lacatate dehydrogenase activity were assayed for the marker enzyme of the matrix vesicles. Matrix vesicles containing alkaline phosphatase, metalloprotease, and lacatate dehydrogenase were found in the tibia epiphyseal cartilage at a density of 1.11 g/ml. In surprising contrast, we also found matrix vesicle-like vesicles with a high density of 1.24 g/ml in the tracheal cartilage. These also contained alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase, but not metalloprotease. The electrophoretic profiles of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes from the matrix vesicle and matrix vesicle-like vesicles were identical with those of chondrocyte cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase. Aldolase, aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, alanine: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, glucose-6-phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase, catalase, and cytosolic enzymes except for lactate dehydrogenase were not detected in these vesicles. These results suggest the presence of a mechanism for specific uptake of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase in both vesicles. In this study, a new type of matrix vesicles without protease was found in the tracheal cartilage, a kind of permanent cartilage, but not in the tibia epiphyseal cartilage, which is replaced by bone tissue.
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PMID:A new type of matrix vesicles is found in fetal bovine tracheal cartilage. 1099 57


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