Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eight serum enzyme tests were performed over a three-year period in 1,147 cases of patients with suspected hepatobiliary disease, of whom 580 had identifiable primary disease of the liver or biliary system. Individually, aminotransferase assays did not provide good discrimination among the various categories of hepatobiliary disease, but when expressed as a ratio a useful degree of discrimination was obtained. Isocitrate dehydrogenase, guanase and glutamate dehydrogenase alone were poor discriminants of the various disease categories studied; combination of the latter enzyme with the aminotransferases in various ratios did not achieve worthwhile improvement. Adenosine deaminase was normal in most patients with extrahepatic obstruction and abnormal in most patients with parenchymal hepatic disease, and is potentially a useful test additional to the aminotransferases in routine diagnosis. 5'-Nucleotidase was more sensitive and specific than alkaline phosphatase in diagnosing hepatobiliary disorders. Abnormalities of all these enzymes were encountered in patients who did not have hepatobiliary disease, most frequently among subjects with cancer, diabetes mellitus, and diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
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PMID:Serum enzyme tests in diseases of the liver and biliary tree. 69 83

In experimental investigations on Eimeria stiedai infected rabbits, serum enzymatic studies have been carried out in correlation with the examination of parasitological and pathological parameters. The rabbits were orally infected with a single dose of either 100,000 or 250,000 sporulated oocysts. Increase of the activity of the sorbit dehydrogenase (SDH), glutamate oxalate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GlDH) could be found first between 3 and 10 days after infection indicating the beginning of the acute phase of liver coccidiosis. The increase of the conjugated bilirubin and of the gamma-glutamyl-transferase (gamma-GT) could be found not earlier than 10 days after infection and is to be explained as sign of disturbed efficiency of excretion. The various investigated parameters reached their peak of alteration about the end of the prepatent period and at the beginning of patency between 14 and 21 days after infection. The results emphasize the value and usefulness of serum enzymes, particularly the glutamate dehydrogenase (GlDH) and the gamma-glutamyl-transferase (gamma-GT) with about 30fold activity, as indicators in the course of Eimeria stiedai infection of rabbits. The enzymes returned to physiological values at the end of the experiment, 42 days after infection. Significant differences could not be detected within the infected groups. The activities of the alkaline phosphatase (AP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), choline esterase (ChE), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and isoenzym 1 (alpha-HBDH) showed only slight alterations and proved to be no significant parameters for the pathophysiological evaluation of the liver coccidiosis.
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PMID:[Alteration of enzyme activities in serum of Eimeria stiedai infected rabbits (author's transl)]. 73 5

Twenty calves were infected with 1000 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica, the activities of 10 enzymes in plasma or serum were assayed and concentrations in serum of proteins, urea and bilirubin were determined. These values were compared with control data obtained from 14 uninfected calves. Aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, ornithine carbamoyl transferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities increased in infected calves. Total serum protein increased, albumin decreased, globulin increased and the albumin/globulin ratio was decreased in infected calves. Plasma alanine aminotransferase, leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and cholinesterase activities and serum concentration of urea and bilirubin were unaffected. It was concluded that glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were the most sensitive indicators of liver cell damage in fascioliasis.
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PMID:Biochemical indicators of liver injury in calves with experimental fascioliasis. 83 11

The method for the determination of enzymic activity in turbid, lipaemic sera, which involves clearing by polyanion precipitation with heparin and magnesium chloride, was critically reviewed. In the diagnosis of diseases of the liver and pancreas, which are frequently associated with hyperlipoproteinaemia, only residual enzyme activities are measured in the cleared serum after polyanion treatment. In the measurement of glutamate dehydrogenase and in the Phadebas test for alpha-amylase, the enzymes are inactivated by treatment with heparin and magnesium chloride. On the other hand, as a result of polyanion precipitation gamma-glutamyl transferase is transferred, together with lipoproteins and chylomicrons, to the lipid-rich supernatant. Acid phosphatase also exhibits only residual activity in cleared serum. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, leucine arylamidase, cholinesterase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and the activity of alpha-amylase in the Merckotest are not affected by polyanion treatment of the serum.
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PMID:[Enzyme diagnosis in lipaemic sera before and after polyanion precipitation with heparin and magnesium chloride (author's transl)]. 92 35

A copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride is modified with low molecular weight polyoles in a very convenient manner, so that it can be applied as a carried for the fixation of biologically active compounds without further pretreatment. The modified products show storage stability over a long time without loss of coupling capacity. Examples for the fixation of trypsin, alkaline phosphatase and a bacterial glutamate dehydrogenase are given, and some properties of the resulting enzyme products are described.
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PMID:[Coupling of enzymes to modified styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers]. 102 May 63

The adsorption of 8 enzymes to polyaminomethylstyrene was studied. While lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase exhibit a relatively low affinity to the carrier, alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase and urease were found to form stabile complexes with the polymer that are enzymatically active. Adsorbed urease and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, are still active after several weeks; the other preparations lose their activity soon. It can be shown by the example of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase that the activity loss following adsorption is caused possibly by a process of reorientation of already bound enzyme molecules or by the increasing enzyme coverage of the carrier, with the active centres becoming more and more inaccessible for the substrate. During the substrate conversion catalysed by the alcohol dehydrogenase-polyaminomethylstyrene complex, a small amount of the enzyme is again detached from the carrier. The activity rises to a certain extent in the supernatant but drops to zero again. The stability of the adsorbed urease is distinctly increased compared with the dissolved enzyme. For the pH optimum and the KM value there are no differences between the two preparations. Continuous application of polyaminomethylstyrene-bound beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and urease, respectively, in a column shows that both preparations have unchanged enzymatic activities even after running times of 5 and 24 days, respectively.
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PMID:[Kinetic properties of enzymes in particular of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase following their adsorption on polyaminomethylstyrene]. 102 29

Because of the difficulties in drawing blood for clinical chemistry in small laboratory animals there exist many methods for sampling blood and the preparation of serum, none of which is generally accepted or well standardised. It was the aim of this study to investigate the effects of sampling techniques on normal values of enzyme activities in the serum of rat and mouse. The activities of the following enzymes were determined: sorbitol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase, myokinase, alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase. In addition plasmaproteins, urea and inorganic phosphorus were measured. In rats blood was obtained from the following sites: retroorbital venous plexus, jugular vein, heart and ventral aorta. In mice blood was sampled from the jugular vein and the ventral aorta. Shifts of water from the interstitial to the intravascular space due to hypovolemia occurring during the experimental procedure were followed up by measuring the hematocrit and the distribution of radioiodide labelled albumin. In rats the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase and myokinase found in blood serum obtained from the retroorbital venous plexus and the ventral aorta were too high compared to the other sampling sites. Activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase were slightly elevated when blood was sampled from the punctured retroorbital venous plexus. Small differences in plasmaproteins and hematocrit values were found to be due to acute shifts of water within the extracellular space. In mice the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and myokinase were found to be too high in blood serum obtained from the ventral aorta. Efflux of enzymes from damaged cells and the interstitial space ive caused erroneous results too, but only to a minor extent. The most reliable method for blood sampling in rat and mouse is the cannulation of the jugular vein. The heart puncture can be recommended too. Attention should be paid, however, to the possibility of aspirating disrupted muscle cells through the inserted needle.
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PMID:[Effects of blood sampling on enzyme activities in the serum of small laboratory animals (author's transl)]. 108 84

Two groups of rats were given aspirin and phenacetin in their food at daily doses similar to those taken by humans suffering from analgesic abuse. Both drugs damaged the kidney proximal tubules although phenacetin affected the kidney more severely than aspirin. At the start of the experiment aspirin increased the urinary excretion of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) while phenacetin raised the excretion of all four enzymes studies (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), LDH indicating generalised cellular injury. Subsequent samples of urine collected from rats up to seven weeks showed normal urinary enzyme levels. The value of urinary enzyme measurements in detecting renal damage by drugs is discussed.
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PMID:Urinary enzymes and kidney damage by aspirin and phenacetin. 112 62

Progressive changes in serum enzyme activity and liver histologic features were monitored in calves fed tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea)-contaminated pellets. The experiments were designed to simulate natural intoxicant ingestion conditions in relationship to the dose and duration of exposure to the toxic plant to correlate early laboratory diagnostic changes with the natural progression of the disease, thereby facilitating early diagnosis and intervention by veterinary clinicians. Eight calves were fed tansy ragwort and 4 additional calves served as controls. In group 1, 4 calves were continuously fed dried tansy ragwort mixed in a pelleted feed at a 5% concentration by dry weight until terminal liver disease developed. Serum liver enzyme (alkaline phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase) activities were monitored at weekly intervals in these calves and in the 2 controls. In group 2, 4 calves were fed the same contaminated feed for only 60 days, with return to normal feed for the duration of the trial. Two additional calves served as controls. Their liver enzyme activities were monitored every other week in conjunction with percutaneous liver biopsies. All 8 calves fed tansy ragwort-contaminated pellets developed terminal hepatopathy in either a chronic pattern (n = 6) or a chronic-delayed pattern (n = 2), with the onset of a moribund state or sudden death at 11 to 17 weeks and 27 to 51 weeks, respectively. The calves were euthanatized when classic terminal signs of hepatic encephalopathy first became evident. The clinicopathologic patterns of chronic and chronic-delayed toxicoses were typical of over 5,000 cases of field tansy toxicosis diagnosed at the diagnostic laboratory. Serum glutamate dehydrogenase was the first enzyme to increase in most animals, with a short-term increase to peak values followed by a rapid return to normal. This enzyme change was followed by increases in alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase. Serum enzyme changes preceded development of recognizable histologic lesions. Vacuolar changes in hepatocyte nuclei, biliary hyperplasia, and fibrosis sequentially developed in liver biopsy specimens from each animal, whereas megalocytosis was not a predominant feature until necropsy. On the basis of our findings, we suggest that the optimal tests for diagnosis of pyrrolizidine alkaloid intoxication should consist of liver biopsy and determination of concurrent serum liver-enzyme activities.
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PMID:Serum liver enzyme and histopathologic changes in calves with chronic and chronic-delayed Senecio jacobaea toxicosis. 168 78

One hundred and one young-adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were acclimatized to metabolic cages for 2 days. After that time 24-hour urine was collected at a constant cooling temperature of 0-4 degrees C. After gel filtration the enzyme activities were determined, and the resulting values were used to calculate 24-hour excretions. The following reference ranges (2.5 and 97.5 percentiles) were determined (in mU/24 h): lactate dehydrogenase 43-181; phosphohexoseisomerase 45-1445; glutathione-S-transferase 1-299; alkaline phosphatase 27-1239; leucine arylamidase 72-377; gamma-glutamyltransferase 1334-9188; arylsulphatase A 59-309; beta-galactosidase 76-305; beta-glucuronidase 20-2756; beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase 66-491; glutamate dehydrogenase 7-711. There was a significant (though not very high) correlation with diuresis for the lysosomal enzymes beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase, arylsulphatase A and beta-galactosidase, and for glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphohexoseisomerase and alkaline phosphatase. The relation to creatinine excretion was markedly close for the lysosomal enzymes beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase, arylsulphatase A and beta-galactosidase (r = 0.71-0.83), as well as for alkaline phosphatase, leucine arylamidase and gamma-glutamyltransferase. There was a relatively high correlation between the excretion of beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase, arylsulphatase A and beta-galactosidase among themselves (r = 0.63-0.81) as well as between leucine arylamidase and gamma-glutamyltransferase (r = 0.75).
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PMID:Excretion of urinary enzymes in female Sprague-Dawley rats in relation to cellular compartment, creatinine excretion and diuresis. 179 3


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