Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Prostate cancer is now the third commonest cancer in men. Extensive clinical trials comparing acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) have shown that PSA is the most sensitive and specific of the tumour markers available for prostate cancer. Caution is needed when comparing the results from different assay methods, there is no international standard for PSA. In the management of localised disease, radical treatment can reduce the PSA levels to less than 0.4 ng/ml, similar results can be obtained for a varying duration in patients sensitive to androgen withdrawal. Raised levels greater than 0.4 ng/ml after radical prostatectomy are indicative of residual disease. PSA is valuable in monitoring deferred treatment or the effects of hormone manipulation and give an indication of the prognosis and early warning of recurrence. In extensive metastatic disease the combination of PSA and ALP reflects the tumour activity. Less than 15 hot spots on the scintigram at presentation and a PSA less than 10 ng/ml 3 to 6 months after commencing treatment is associated with prolonged survival. The role of PSA in population screening for early prostatic cancer is uncertain; early results suggest it can be used in combination with digital rectal examination and ultrasonic examination of the prostate. The effect of a PSA decision level at 4 or 10 ng/ml has a considerable influence on the pick up rate.
...
PMID:Tumour markers in prostatic cancer. 171 10

Twenty-one pretreatment variables were investigated for prognostic influence on survival in 301 previously untreated patients with ovarian carcinoma, stage IIB-IV. Patients were randomized to sequential combination chemotherapy: cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, followed by cisplatin and hexamethylmelamine, or to the 3-drug combination alternating with the 2-drug combination every other month. Median overall survivals were 25 and 22 months, respectively, P greater than 0.4. Based on the results from a Cox multivariate stepwise analysis a subset of independent significant prognostic factors was found to include: residual tumor size, performance status, alkaline phosphatase, number of metastases, histological differentiation grade and type. A prognostic index was calculated for each patient and three prognostic categories of patients were determined. The 3-yr survival rates for patients with low-, intermediate-, and high-risk scores were 62, 31, and 7%, respectively. Multivariate analysis thus contributes further information about the disease, and a knowledge of the distribution of such factors across different trials is important when comparing treatment outcome.
...
PMID:Prognostic factors for overall survival in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. 186 18

Immuno-alkaline phosphatase staining (APAAP technique) has been used to identify neuroblastoma cells on bone marrow samples from 12 children at various stages of the disease. On 72 occasions immunological analyses were performed using a panel of monoclonal antibodies which selectively bind to cells of neuroectodermal origin. In 57 of these procedures, tumor cells were detected, whereas histological and cytological analyses revealed pathological cells in 45 and 37 cases respectively. Reactivity of minimal residual tumor cells--mainly with three MAbs (UJ13A, UJ167.11, A2B5)--points to the fact that these cells belong to a resistant neuroblastoma clone, which remains in bone marrow despite intense therapy. Our study demonstrates that immunological staining may identify and define a small number of neuroblastoma cells which are not yet detectable by traditional histological and cytological criteria.
...
PMID:[Immunologic identification of undetectable neuroblastoma cells by current cytohistological studies of bone marrow samples]. 268 99

Immunological staining by the alkaline phosphatase/anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technique has been used to recognize low levels of neuroblastoma cells in bone marrow mononuclear cells. Immunological phenotyping with 11 well characterized monoclonal antibodies was performed on 16 children with neuroblastoma and BM involvement during or after therapy. Neuroblasts were detected in 11 of 16 patients (0.1-5%), whereas BM biopsies on six of these patients were classified as normal. Aspirates, stained conventionally, were positive for pathological cells in three patients only. The comparison of the phenotype of the neuroblastoma cells at the time of diagnosis to the phenotype of the residual cells within one patient revealed differences. The phenotype of residual disease in different patients on the other hand showed a unique pattern. The above mentioned results lead to the conclusion that the immunological procedure is particularly suitable for the analysis of minimal residual neuroblastoma since the technique allows very minor cell populations to be identified in BM samples.
...
PMID:Immunological detection and definition of minimal residual neuroblastoma disease in bone marrow samples obtained during or after therapy. 269 3

The prognostic value of serial CEA tests was evaluated in 175 consecutive patients with progressive colorectal cancer who subsequently died of their disease. The upper normal plasma CEA limit was determined to be 8 ng/ml from serial CEA determinations in 31 patients radically operated on for colorectal cancer and observed in median 40 months without evidence of recurrence. A CEA value of greater than 8 ng/ml was highly suggestive of residual disease or recurrence, even when no clinical evidence was present. Approximately 90% of the patients dying from colorectal cancer showed an increase in CEA to greater than 8 ng/ml during the course of the disease. In 63% of the patients CEA increase preceded clinical progression or relapse, with a median time period of 4 months. Sixty-eight per cent of the patients had rising CEA values over an extended time period of many months, 14% had a preterminal increase, 13% had constantly normal and 5% constantly elevated CEA. As 6/9 patients developed a drop in CEA in relation to initiation of chemotherapy without clinical response, it is concluded that CEA is not a reliable indicator of clinical response to chemotherapy. Patients with liver metastases had higher CEA and alkaline phosphatase levels than patients with only localized disease. However, no good statistical correlation between CEA and serum alkaline phosphatase was found in patients with liver metastases (coefficient of correlation r = 0.35). An increase in CEA from normal to above 8 ng/ml predicted a decrease in survival time of median 60% counted from the time of diagnosis. The numerical CEA value was predictive of shortening of survival only when greater than 3000 ng/ml. Such high values were observed only in a minority of the patients (12%). Greater than 1000 U/l (27% of the patients) alkaline phosphatase predicted an extremely poor prognosis, with a median survival of 1 month (range 0.5-4 months). It is concluded that a rise in CEA to greater than 8 ng/ml indicates with high degree of certainty relapse or disease progression in colorectal cancer patients. CEA is not a reliable indicator of clinical response to chemotherapy, and an increase in the CEA level is of little prognostic value concerning survival. Alkaline phosphatase seems to be a more valuable predictor of a worsening of prognosis.
...
PMID:Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and alkaline phosphatase in progressive colorectal cancer with special reference to patient survival. 369 82

Multidrug resistance, mediated by the overexpression of an energy-dependent transport protein, P-glycoprotein, has been one of the major targets of interest in solving the mechanisms of clinical drug resistance of malignant cells. To evaluate the correlation between P-glycoprotein overexpression and the response to chemotherapy, we analysed cytospin preparations of gradient-separated blood or bone marrow mononuclear cells from 79 patients with acute leukaemia by means of the P-glycoprotein-directed monoclonal antibody JSB-1 and immunocytochemistry using the alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase technique. P-glycoprotein expression was detected in all disease phases of acute leukaemia. Thirteen out of 51 patients at diagnosis, 10/29 patients in relapse or during residual disease and 8/27 patients in remission overexpressed P-glycoprotein. Seven out of the 8 positive remission samples were collected between the cycles of consolidation treatment. Our results suggest that increased P-glycoprotein expression in samples collected between the cycles of consolidation treatment during remission may be induced in normal leukocytes by cytotoxic drug treatment, infections, or by some physiological mechanisms related to the disease. Patients older than 45 years of age were significantly more often P-glycoprotein-positive (11/25) at diagnosis than younger patients (2/26). P-glycoprotein expression at diagnosis was significantly correlated with a low remission rate after the first cycle of induction therapy. Of 34 P-glycoprotein-negative patients, 25 achieved remission after the first cycle as compared to 4/12 of the P-glycoprotein-positive patients. Our results indicate that the method used is specific and sensitive enough for the analysis of P-glycoprotein expression and that the expression at initial presentation is inversely correlated with the outcome of induction therapy.
...
PMID:Clinical significance of P-glycoprotein expression in acute leukaemia as analysed by immunocytochemistry. 810 May 37

Minimal residual disease in patients with operable esophageal cancer is frequently missed by current noninvasive tumor staging. Here we applied an immunocytochemical cytokeratin assay that allows identification of individual esophageal carcinoma cells disseminated to bone marrow. Prior to therapy, bone marrow was aspirated from the upper iliac crest of 71 patients with esophageal cancer at various disease stages as well as an age-matched control group of 20 noncarcinoma patients. Tumor cells in cytologic bone marrow preparations were detected with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) CK2, KL1, and A45-B/B3 to epithelial cytokeratins (CKs) using the alkaline phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase method. CK-positive cells were found in 14 (36.8%) of 38 cancer patients treated with curative intent and 16 (48.5%) of 33 patients with extended disease. The overall frequency of these cells was 1 per 4 x 10(5) to 82 per 4 x 10(5) mononuclear cells with no significant differences between patients at different tumor stages. After a short median follow-up of 9.5 months (3-24 months), 7 of 11 patients who underwent complete surgical resection but had tumor cells in bone marrow presented with tumor relapse compared to 2 of 19 corresponding patients without such cells (p < 0.01). It was concluded that although bone marrow is not a preferential site of overt metastasis of esophageal cancer, the frequent occurrence of isolated tumor cells at this distant site indicates that hematogenous dissemination of viable malignant cells occurs early in tumor progression.
...
PMID:Disseminated epithelial tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with esophageal cancer: detection and prognostic significance. 866 32

This study investigates the efficacy of using hydrogen peroxide as adjuvant therapy after extended local curettage for benign giant cell tumors of bone. Hydrogen peroxide is used clinically as a chemical adjuvant for removal of residual tumor cells, presumably by effervescent cleansing with minimal damage to surrounding soft tissue and bone cells. This investigation examined the effects of hydrogen peroxide on giant cell tumor cells and osteoblasts grown in culture. Fresh fragments of histologically confirmed giant cell tumor tissue (six patients) and trabecular bone (one patient) were excised. Cells obtained from the fragments were grown in culture. Confluent cell cultures were exposed to saline (control) or hydrogen peroxide (0.1-1000 mm) for 2 minutes, and incubation was continued for 12, 24, or 48 hours without hydrogen peroxide. Protein content, deoxyribonucleic acid content, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity, and alkaline phosphatase activity were measured in the cell layers. The medium from the final 12 hours of each incubation period was used to evaluate lactate production. Cell lysis or death occurred after exposing giant cell tumor cells and osteoblasts to 100 mm and 30 mm hydrogen peroxide, respectively, concentrations substantially lower than the 3% (880 mm) hydrogen peroxide commonly used clinically. These results support the theory of using a minimal concentration of hydrogen peroxide as a chemical adjuvant in the surgical treatment of giant cell tumors of bone.
...
PMID:Hydrogen peroxide inhibits giant cell tumor and osteoblast metabolism in vitro. 952 Aug 98

Minimal residual disease in patients with operable pancreatic carcinoma is frequently missed by current noninvasive tumour staging. We applied an immunocytochemical cytokeratin assay that allows identification of individual pancreatic carcinoma cells disseminated to bone marrow. Prior to therapy, bone marrow was aspirated from the upper iliac crest of 48 patients with ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas at various disease stages and an age-matched control group of 33 noncarcinoma patients. Tumor cells in cytologic bone marrow preparations were detected with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) CK2, KL1, and A45-B/B3 to epithelial cytokeratins (CK) using the alkaline phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase method. CK-positive cells were found in 14 (48.4%) of 31 cancer patients treated with curative intent and in 10 (58.8%) of 18 patients with extended disease. The overall frequency of these cells was 1 to 83 per 5x10(5) mononuclear cells with no significant differences between patients at different tumor stages and lymph node involvement. After a median follow-up of 22.8 months (range 3-48 months), 6 (40.0%) of 15 patients who underwent complete surgical resection but had tumor cells in bone marrow presented with distant metastasis and 7 (46.7%) had local relapse compared to none of 12 corresponding patients without such cells (p<0.05). Univariate survival analyses revealed that the presence of CK-positive cells was predictive of reduced overall survival. In conclusion, anticytokeratin mAbs are reliable probes for the immunocytochemical detection of single pancreatic cancer cells disseminated to bone marrow. Thus the described technique may help identify patients with pancreatic cancer and at potentially high risk of early metastatic relapse. The results promise to be of important assistance for determining prognosis and the consequences in therapy of early stage pancreatic cancer.
...
PMID:Micrometastases in bone marrow: prognostic indicators for pancreatic cancer. 1044 15

Thyrotropin receptors are expressed in several extrathyroidal tissues including bone. We investigated whether the increase of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, under stable thyroid hormone levels, affects the bone markers. Thirty-two postmenopausal women, with papillary thyroid carcinoma, previously treated with near-total thyroidectomy and I131 remnant ablation underwent routine evaluation for residual disease by using injections of recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) without withdrawal from thyroxine therapy. Changes in TSH levels and various serum and urine markers of bone metabolism were followed before and 1, 2, 5, and 7 days after the rhTSH injections. A transient, significant decrease in serum calcium and urinary excretion of C- and N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen was observed after the injections of rhTSH. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) started to rise along with TSH, but a significant increase of PTH was only reached on Day 5 when the TSH concentration had fallen more than 80% of the peak value. Bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin did not show any significant change over time. There was no significant correlation between TSH concentration and the various parameters we measured. The study provides evidence that rhTSH produces a transient inhibition of bone resorption, as well as an attenuation of osteoblast response in spite of the PTH activation. Additional studies are needed to resolve the mechanisms by which TSH alters the response of the bone cells.
...
PMID:The effects of recombinant human TSH on bone turnover in patients after thyroidectomy. 1954 61


1 2 Next >>

---