Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several cell lines, originally thought to be derived from a human placenta at term but possibly HeLa-contaminated, have been studied. These cells secrete a protein indistinguishable immunochemically from the alpha subunit of chorionic gonadotropin but not the beta subunit of chorionic gonadotropin or placental lactogen. Complete chorionic gonadotropin was detected but amounted to less than 1% of the level of the alpha subunit. The cells also produce an alkaline phosphatase similar to placental alkaline phosphatase in immunochemical, gel-electrophoretic, and heat-denaturation properties. They induce tumor growth when inoculated into nude mice. These cells are aneuploid and have a model chromosome number of 66. The common HeLa karyologic markers, designated 1, 2, and 3, and A-type glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are present in these cells. HeLa cells have not previously been shown to secrete the alpha subunit of hCG.
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PMID:Synthesis of alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin by presumptive HeLa cells. 1 Nov 78

Proteins, which are elevated in their blood concentration in pregnant women and patients suffering from malignant tumours, are reported because of their growing significance for the clinical practice. At present mainly are the following "pregnancy" proteins of clinical relevance: human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), human placental lactogen (HPL), placental heatstable alkaline phosphatase (HAP), pegnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein ("pregnancy zone" protein, PZ), socalled pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1) and alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP). Applications to the clinical practice may be the surveillance of normal pregnancy, the recognition of dangerous conditions for mother and fetus, the inhibition of graft rejection, the induction of abortion, antibodies against pregnancy proteins as abortifacient and antifertilizer as well as the tumour diagnosis including the control of treatment and recognition of recidives.
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PMID:[Pregnancy proteins]. 7 23

Maternal blood levels of cystine aminopeptidase (CAP), human placental lactogen (HPL) and beta 1 glycoprotein (SP-1) were predicted and evaluated using the expressions and their charts developed by us to help diagnosis of placental function in women of the third trimester of pregnancy. This study was conducted on the assumption that these placenta-originating substances as markers would behave similarly to the previously reported heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP). The results realized the following features: (1) CAP, HPL and SP-1, like HSAP, had their normal ranges of values too wide to be based on for diagnosing placental function in general, but it was confirmed that on the individual basis these marker substances could develop adequate "prediction curves" for their values to come well answering to the test in the same way as with HSAP. (2) The expressions for predicted values revealed that these marker substances in their shift in the maternal blood had different critical points start of deviation from exponential rising. Particularly in abnormal pregnancy, their shifting patterns were often dissimilar to one another, with implications that impaired placental function could possibly be confirmed qualitatively by reference to the predicted curve for the values of either of the marker substances.
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PMID:Use of curves for prediction of maternal blood levels of placenta-specific substances for diagnosis of placental function. 31 14

The occurrance and significance of important carcinofetal antigens other than AFP and CEA are reported. These included the alpha 2 H-protein which is produced in the liver and increases in serum of patients with various tumors, the fetal sulphoglycoprotein antigen FSA from the gastric juice of patients with gastric cancer, the carcinoplacental alkaline phosphatase (REGAN-isoenzyme)which is found in the serum of patients suffering from e.g. bronchogenic, mammary, urogenital and gastrointestinal carcinomas, the beta-S-fetoprotein which is most likely to be identical with C-reactive protein, gamma-fetoprotein, the carcinofetal antigen in glial tumors (CFGA); ectopic production of placental hormones like human gonadotropin, placental lactogen, plasminogen-activators; leukemia-associated antigens. Furthermore, some other less known carcinofetal antigens are mentioned.
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PMID:[Carcinofetal antigens. III. Further carcinofetal antigens (author's transl)]. 115 52

The accuracy of urinary oestriol and serum levels of human placental lactogen (HPL) and heat stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP) as indicators of feto-placental function was studied in 76 patients with high risk pregnancy. Feto-placental dysfunction was predicted correctly by plasma HPL in 80%, by urinary oestriol in 70%, by serum HSAP in 47%, and by the complementary use of HPL and oestriol in 90% of the cases. Normal fetoplacental function was predicted correctly by plasma HPL in 94%, by urinary oestriol in 96%, by serum HSAP in 80%, and by the complementary use of oestril and HPL in 100% of the patients. The probability of feto-placental dysfunction with a pathological value was 88% with urinary oestriol, 84% with plasma HPL and 100% with the parallel use of oestriol and HPL. A normal value assured undisturbed feto-placental function in 89% with urinary oestriol, in 92% with plasma HPL and in 96% with the parallel use of oestriol and HPL.
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PMID:Urinary oestriol and serum activities of human placental lactogen and heat stable alkaline phosphatase as indicators of fetoplacental function. 115 5

The efficacy of four different methods for detection of placental dysfunction has been compared in 265 risk pregnancies. The test were urinary oestriol, urinary pregnanediol, activity of human placental lactogen and heat-stable alkaline phosphatase in the serum. It was concluded that best results were obtained by simultaneous use of urinary oestriol und human-placental-lactogen activity. Early detection of placental dysfunction by urinary pregnanediol and heat-stable alkaline phophatase in the serum were rather exceptional.
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PMID:[Surveillance of pregnancies with placental dysfunction. IV. Significance of biochemical placental values]. 126 71

During spontaneous or chemically induced differentiation human choriocarcinoma cells express typical characteristics of the normal differentiating trophoblast: 1) increased production of peptide and steroid hormones (chorionic gonadotropin, placental lactogen, estrogens, progesterone); 2) increased activity of cellular alkaline phosphatase; 3) morphological transition from cytotrophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast-like cells; and 4) arrested cell proliferation. Since the extracellular matrix is known to control gene expression we have examined the effects of different substrates composed of matrix macromolecules on the differentiation of BeWo choriocarcinoma cells. Matrices tested were: fibronectin, laminin, collagens type I and type IV, the basement membrane-like complex matrix Matrigel, and a complex matrix extracted from human term placenta. Irrespective of the type of molecule(s), it was consistently found that, whenever the matrix molecules were presented as three-dimensional structures (as opposed to protein coatings on tissue culture plastic) the response of affected differentiation markers monitored was highly pronounced. Morphology was changed from monolayers to rounded colonies, cell proliferation was reduced, and the secretion of chorionic gonadotropin was increased up to tenfold. Heterogeneous effects were observed on progesterone secretion and on the activity of cellular alkaline phosphatase. Cell adhesion to matrix molecules, however, did not depend on the structure of the matrix. This study demonstrates that gene expression in these tumor cells can be modified by extracellular matrix and highlights that not only the presence of effector molecules in the matrix but also the three-dimensional structure of the matrix is important for the induction of differentiation.
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PMID:Modulation of differentiation markers in human choriocarcinoma cells by extracellular matrix: on the role of a three-dimensional matrix structure. 145 63

Free alpha molecules isolated from pregnancy, as well as highly purified reference preparations of hCG alpha subunit (CR119 or CR123), stimulated the release of prolactin from human decidual cells in culture. The amount of prolactin secreted during a 24 h incubation was concentration-dependent over a range of increasing doses of alpha from 0.2 to 20 ng/ml with an ED50 of about 1.6 ng/ml. These concentrations are well within the physiologic maternal serum free alpha levels which average 350 ng/ml during the third trimester of pregnancy. Incubation of decidual cells with a reference preparation of intact hCG (CR123) at a concentration of 260 ng/ml resulted in stimulated secretion of prolactin, however, the observed stimulation could be attributed to contamination of the preparation with free alpha or dissociated hCG alpha subunit. Purified hCG beta subunit had no stimulatory activity on the decidual cell culture. The effect of alpha subunit on the stimulated release of prolactin was not due to a generalized stimulation of protein synthesis and secretion since no increase was observed in the release of 35S-labeled proteins compared to controls. In addition, the observed increase in prolactin secretion was not due to a toxic effect of the alpha subunit since there was no visible effect on cell viability, and the cellular enzymes, LDH and alkaline phosphatase, were not detected in the culture medium. Addition of exogenous hCG alpha subunit to primary cultures of human trophoblast cultures did not result in stimulated release of human placental lactogen. We conclude that free alpha molecules of pregnancy stimulate release of prolactin from human decidual cells in culture. These results suggest a novel role for free alpha in the paracrine regulation of decidual prolactin secretion.
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PMID:Free alpha molecules from pregnancy stimulate secretion of prolactin from human decidual cells: a novel function for free alpha in pregnancy. 171 45

cAMP has been shown to be a second messenger in the release of many hormones and other secretory products. To determine whether cAMP also plays a role in the mechanism of release of human placental lactogen (hPL), we examined the effects of (Bu)2cAMP, isobutyl methylxanthine, forskolin, and cholera toxin on the acute release of hPL from an enriched fraction of hPL-producing trophoblast cells. Static cultures of trophoblast cells exposed to (Bu)2cAMP (5 mM) for 2 h released 2.6 times as much hPL as control cells (P less than 0.01) during the first 0.5 h of exposure. The increase in hPL release was followed by a decrease rate of release during the subsequent 1.5 h. Perifused trophoblast cells (1.5 X 10(6) exposed to 5 mM cAMP for 20 min released 3.2 times as much hPL as control cells. The rate of hPL increased markedly during the first 10 min of exposure, rapidly decreased toward control values during the remainder of the exposure period, and then declined to a subnormal rate for the next 30 min before returning to normal to control values. (Bu)2cAMP, however, had no acute effects on the release of human CG or the release of the cytosolic enzymes alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase. The phosphodiesterase inhibitors theophylline (5 mM) and isobutyl methylxanthine (0.5 mM) and the adenylate cyclase activators forskolin (5 micrograms/ml) and cholera toxin (25 micrograms/ml) stimulated hPL release by 75-95%. These results strongly suggest that cAMP is a second messenger in the acute release of hPL.
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PMID:Cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate stimulates the acute release of placental lactogen from human trophoblast cells. 243 14

The human placenta secretes various fetoplacental proteins, including a trophoblast membrane (TM)-bound alkaline phosphatase. Five TM-originated proteins (TOPs), molecular weights 100, 39, 37, 35, and 26 kilodaltons (kDa), were isolated from placental blood by using an anti-TM Sepharose immunoaffinity column. Apparently, these five TOPs are secreted from TM into the maternal circulation during pregnancy. One of these five TOP bands (26 kDa) was identified by Western blot analysis to be human placental lactogen. The other four bands are newly identified as trophoblast-specific proteins and, therefore, could have potential diagnostic applications as serum markers for monitoring tumor development.
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PMID:Identification of trophoblast membrane-originated proteins in human placental blood. 249 92


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