Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Phenyl phosphonothioic acid-O-ethyl-O-[4-nitrophenyl] ester (EPN) is one of the 10 most frequently used organophosphorus insecticides and causes delayed neurotoxicity in adult chickens and mallards. Small amounts of organophosphorus insecticides placed on birds' eggs are embryotoxic and teratogenic. For this reason, the effects of topical egg application on EPN were examined on mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) embryo development. Mallard eggs were treated topically at 72 hr of incubation with 25 microliter of a nontoxic oil vehicle or with EPN in the vehicle at concentrations of approximately 12, 36, or 108 micrograms/g egg, equivalent to one, three, and nine times the agricultural level of application used to spray crops. Treatment with EPN resulted in 22 to 44% mortality over this dose range by 18 days of development compared with 4 and 5% for untreated and vehicle-treated controls. EPN impaired embryonic growth and was highly teratogenic: 37-42% of the surviving embryos at 18 days were abnormal with cervical and axial scoliosis as well as severe edema. Brain weights were significantly lower in EPN-treated groups at different stages of development including hatchlings. Brain neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activity was inhibited by as much as 91% at 11 days, 81% at 18 days, and 79% in hatchlings. Examination of brain NTE activity during the course of normal development revealed an increase of nearly sixfold from Day 11 through hatching. The most rapid increase occurred between Day 20 and hatching. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was inhibited by as much as 41% at 11 days, 47% at 18 days, and 20% in hatchlings. Plasma cholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase activities were inhibited and plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity was increased at one or more stages of development. Hatchlings from EPN-treated eggs were weaker and slower to right themselves. Histopathological examination did not reveal demyelination and axonopathy of the spinal cord that was characteristic of delayed neurotoxicity in adult birds.
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PMID:Neurotoxic and teratogenic effects of an organophosphorus insecticide (phenyl phosphonothioic acid-O-ethyl-O-[4-nitrophenyl] ester) on mallard development. 671 May 28

Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3:1:1:7) and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3:1:3:1) were detected in secretions of Moniezia expansa maintained in vitro. Ultrastructural cytochemical studies demonstrated acetylcholinesterase activity on the surface of the microtriches at the base of the interproglittidal glands and in the gland lumen but not in the distal tegument or the gland cells. Alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of the gland cells and especially in their protoplasmic connections with the distal tegument. Activity was also found in the distal tegument and the microtriches. It is suggested that the acetylcholinesterase secreted by M. expansa performs a metabolic role at the worm's surface.
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PMID:Moniezia expansa: the interproglottidal glands and their secretions. 684 62

The presentation deals with the distribution of alkaline phosphatase (GP-AII) and acetylcholinesterase (CHO-A) in the hind brain of Channa punctatus, and Heteropneustes fossils and the following results have been obtained: CHO-A is localized only in the neurons. The motor neurons show a stronger staining than the sensory neurons. In Heteropneustes the sensory nuclei of the VIIth and Xth nerve are better developed and show stronger activity of CHO-A than Channa. In Channa, motor nuclei are better developed and show stronger activity of CHO-A than in Heteropneustes. Irrespective of their sensory or motor nature, all the cranial nerve nuclei exhibit a strong GP-AII activity. Purkinje cells of Heteropneustes show stronger activity of GP-AII than Channa. The functional significance of the enzyme as compared with other vertebrates is discussed.
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PMID:A comparative histochemical study of alkaline phosphatase and acetylcholinesterase in the hind-brain of Channa punctatus and Heteropneustes fossils. 688 80

The role of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PIase C) in a) the enigmatic phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover and b) in our understanding of membrane enzyme-PI interactions is the subject matter of this article. PIase C is present in both procaryotes and eukaryotes. This enzyme is considered to be involved in the cells PI breakdown which occurs in response to several external stimuli. Recent information on the physical properties, Ca2+ requirement, cellular localization and modulation of the activity of PIase C of mammalian systems can help to evaluate the PI turnover from a new angle. Existing evidence suggests that Ca2+-dependent PI breakdown is probably mediated through the cytosolic and particulate PIase C while a Ca2+ independent pathway is catalyzed by a lysosomal enzyme. Apparently PI turnover may be operating through more than one mechanism. The association of this phenomenon with a membrane receptor event linked with "Ca2+ gating" may have to be reconsidered. Modulation of the PIase C activity by unsaturated amphiphiles or the presence of this enzyme in different physico-chemical forms could be a potential regulatory feature. Hydrolysis of membrane PI of a number of cells and tissues by the bacterial PIase C has been shown to cause substantial release of acetylcholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase in free, soluble form. Other membrane enzymes, e.g., alkaline phosphodiesterase I, L-leucyl-beta naphthyl amidase and Ca2+ or Mg2+ ATPase are not affected. These results indicate a specific interaction between PI and certain enzymes in membranes. The chemical nature of this linkage, whether it is covalent or non-covalent, has also been explored and has provided intriguing insight into this phenomenon. New findings also indicate that hydrolysis of PI by PIase C also can cause modifications in membrane-enzyme activities, e.g., adenylate cyclase.
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PMID:Minireview. Phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipases C. 708 67

The pathology and enzymology of the intestinal mucosae of lambs dosed daily with 2500 Trichostrongylus vitrinus larvae and killed at five, nine or 14 weeks were compared with worm-free animals. The proximal small intestines of the infected lambs exhibited extensive mucosal damage at five and nine weeks, but only isolated lesions were found at 14 weeks. Activities of the brush border enzymes alkaline phosphatase, leucine amino-peptidase, maltase and glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase were all significantly depleted during infection, although the magnitude, time of onset and duration of the individual enzyme responses varied. Mucosal activities of the pancreatic enzymes, trypsin and to a lesser extent chymotrypsin were also markedly decreased particularly during the first nine weeks of infection. Specific acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly increased throughout the study, maximal levels being observed at five weeks. In contrast 'pseudo'-cholinesterase levels were consistently within the control range. During the early stages of infection (five weeks) glutamine-oxaloacetate transaminase activity was significantly decreased, while aldolase and creatine phosphokinase levels were significantly elevated. At nine weeks low glutamine-oxaloacetate transaminase activities were again detected and lactate dehydrogenase activity was also markedly reduced. At 14 weeks the mean activities of all four enzymes were within the normal range as were superoxide dismutase levels throughout. Significant correlations were found between alkaline phosphatase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, aldolase and glutamine-oxaloacetate transaminase activities and the degree of mucosal damage within the individual lambs.
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PMID:Changes in the intestinal enzyme activity of lambs during chronic infection with Trichostrongylus vitrinus. 710 Jun 47

Biochemical changes in the air-breathing catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.) exposed to a sublethal level of carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) at 0.5 ppm concentration in ambient water for a period of 30 days were assessed. A small reduction in growth rate was observed in the fish treated with 0.5 ppm carbofuran for 60 days although no mortality or any apparent symptom of toxicity could be noted. Studies were carried out on the activities of certain enzymes of intermediary metabolism viz., glucose 6-phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, Na+, K+-ATPase, GOT and GPT in certain vital tissues of the fish exposed to carbofuran (0.5 ppm) for 30 days. Exposure to carbofuran resulted in sharp inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in brain of the fish which recovered rather rapidly after terminating pesticide treatment and maintaining the fish in clean freshwater. Ratio of the levels of calcium/phosphorus in serum showed significant diminution in experimental groups of fish compared to controls. Level of ammonia in serum of experimental fish was markedly increased while excretion of ammonia by fish showed concomitant decrease. The bioaccumulation level of the pesticide and its degraded product, 3-hydroxy-carbofuran in liver tissue was measured by gas chromatography. A rationale of the effect of carbofuran on metabolism vis-a-vis toxicity in the fish has been suggested.
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PMID:Certain biochemical responses in the air-breathing catfish Clarias batrachus exposed to sublethal carbofuran. 712 66

Chronic oral administration of ammonium molybdate in rats markedly retarded the growth rate of rats and high protein diet could partially reverse this condition. The activities of several enzymes viz. acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, inorganic pyrophosphatase and acetylcholinesterase in different tissues and serum levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin and cortisol are altered due to the toxicity conditions and high protein diet fed group of animals showed almost normal values in respect of a few of these parameters. Normal histological pattern of both liver and kidney tissues were altered under molybdenum toxicity condition. Significant increase of basophilic substances are observed in the cytoplasm of the liver cells of the toxic group of animals which is counteracted by feeding high protein diet.
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PMID:Biochemical studies on molybdenum toxicity in rats: effects of high protein feeding. 732 62

The efferent nervous system of the guinea pig inner ear is histochemically investigated. Remarkable activity of alkaline phosphatase and acetylcholinesterase is demonstrated by Burstone's (1958) azo dye method and Koelle's (1949) method as modified by Gomori (1952) respectively. The distribution pattern of both enzymes in the efferent nervous system is entirely similar. The intraganglionic spiral bundles, fascicles of the osseous spiral lamina and efferent plexus of the organ of Corti reacted intensely for both enzymes. Afferent nerve fibers give no histochemical reaction for both alkaline phosphatase and acetylcholinesterase. However, spiral and vestibular ganglion cells are rich in both enzymes, though they belong to the afferent nervous system. The significance of both enzymes in the nervous system of the guinea pig inner ear is briefly discussed.
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PMID:Histochemical study of the efferent nervous system in the guinea pig inner ear. 733 88

When studying enzymic activities in successively chosen portions of solutions of pyruvatekinase, hexokinase, lactatedehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase and trypsin fast macroscopic fluctuations were revealed. These fluctuations were found earlier in protein preparations of the actomyosin complex and creatinkinase and described as "conformation fluctuations". Similar macroscopic fluctuations were also revealed when measuring the rate of reaction between ascorbic acid and dichlorphenolindophenol (DCAPI). The spectra of macroscopic fluctuations in solutions of different proteins and ascorbic acid+DCAPI are similar to each other in principle. This gives grounds to consider the ability towards macroscopic fluctuations to be a common property of solutions of different substances.
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PMID:[Macroscopic fluctuations--a general property of aqueous solutions of different proteins and other substances. Statistical spectral analysis of macroscopic fluctuations]. 739 55

Histochemical changes in normal and Brugia malayi microfilariae-infected Anopheles sinensis were observed using histochemical technique. The results showed that the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) and the content of glycogen and basic protein in Brugia malayi microfilariae-infected Anopheles sinensis were less obviously than those of the normal control. Esterase (EST) activity was reduced slightly and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) remained no change in infected mosquitoes compared with the normal control. It is suggested that the development of filaria larvae in vector mosquitoes has selective effect on their biochemical metabolism.
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PMID:[Histochemical changes in Brugia malayi microfilariae-infected Anopheles sinensis]. 755 61


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