Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A dual-color enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay enabled us to analyze three types of cytokine-secreting cells simultaneously. T helper (Th) cells can be subdivided into at least two distinct functional subsets based on their cytokine secretion profiles. The first type of clones (Th1) produces interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), but not IL-4 or IL-5. The second type of clones (Th2) produces IL-4 and IL-5, but not IL-2 or IFN-gamma. Furthermore, the presence of the third type (Th0) of cell, which is a precursor of Th1 or Th2 cells, has been demonstrated to produce both Th1- and Th2-type cytokines. The dual-color ELISPOT assay was developed to differentiate these three subtypes of Th cells in an identical well. In the system, the red spots corresponding to IL-2-secreting cells (Th1) were developed with horseradish peroxidase and aminoethylcarbazole/H(2)O(2). The light-blue spots corresponding to IL-4-secreting cells (Th2) were developed with alkaline phosphatase and Vector blue (chromogenic substrate for alkaline phosphatase). The mixed-colored (indigo) spots corresponding to both types of cytokine-secreting cells (Th0-cells) were developed with both chromogenic substrates. With this system, we could detect the IL-2- and/or IL-4-secreting cells simultaneously in a murine spleen cell or human peripheral mononuclear cell preparation.
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PMID:[Development of the method for analysis of the cytokine balance shift associated with diseases]. 1580 81

Monochloramine is a powerful oxidative molecule that is produced in inflammatory sites. We investigated the effect of intrarectally administered monochloramine (3.2 mg) in the rat. A single enema induced after 24 h an intense inflammatory reaction characterized by mucosal necrosis, submucosal edema, hemorrhage and colonic thickening, as well as induction of nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor and an increase in the interferon gamma/interleukin 4 ratio. The inflammatory response peaked 3-5 days after monochloramine administration and then followed a extended recovery phase. At 1 week there was substantial but incomplete mucosal repair, submucosal edema, neutrophil/macrophage infiltration and increased myeloperoxydase and alkaline phosphatase activities. Oxidative stress, as determined by malonyldialdehyde levels, was prominent only in the acute phase (3-5 days). Monochloramine colitis was amenable to pharmacological treatment with sulphasalazine or prednisolone, suggesting that it may be used as an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease. In conclusion, monochloramine induces acute and protracted colonic inflammation in the rat. Locally produced monochloramine might contribute to the perpetuation of inflammatory bowel disease.
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PMID:Monochloramine induces acute and protracted colitis in the rat: response to pharmacological treatment. 1582 May 7

A dual-color enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay enabled us to analyze three kinds of cytokine-secreting cells simultaneously. T helper (Th) cells can be subdivided into at least two distinct functional subsets based on their cytokine secretion profiles. The first type of clones (Th1) produces interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma but not IL-4 or IL-5. The second type of clones (Th2) produces IL-4 and IL-5 but not IL-2 or IFN-gamma. Furthermore, the presence of the third type (Th0) cell, which is a precursor of Th1 or Th2 cells, has been demonstrated to produce both Th1- and Th2-type cytokines. The dual-color ELISPOT assay is developed to differentiate these three subtypes of Th cells in an identical well. In the system, the red spots corresponding to IL-2-secreting cells (Th1) were developed with horseradish peroxidase and amino-ethyl-carbazole/H2O2. The light blue spots corresponding to IL-4-secreting cells (Th2) were developed with alkaline phosphatase and Vector blue (chromogenic substrate for alkaline phosphatase). The mixed colored (indigo) spots corresponding to both kinds of cytokine-secreting cells (Th0 cells) were developed with both chromogenic substrates. With this system, we could detect the IL-2- and/or IL-4-secreting cells simultaneously in a murine spleen cell or human peripheral mononuclear cell preparation.
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PMID:Dual-color ELISPOT assay for analyzing cytokine balance. 1593 58

When human blood monocytes were cocultured with stromal cells derived from human giant cell tumor of bone (GCTSC) and a Millipore filter (0.4 microm) was interposed between monocytes and GCTSC, multinucleated giant cell formation of monocytes was induced. The multinucleated giant cells have characters as osteoclast-like cells, indicating that a soluble osteoclast-inducing factor(s) is secreted from GCTSC expressing RANK, RANKL/ODF/OPGL and TACE mRNA. Furthermore, OCIF/OPG inhibited GCTSC-induced osteoclastogenesis, showing that the RANK-RANKL system is involved in GCTSC-induced osteoclastogenesis and that soluble form of ODF/RANKL induces osteoclasts from monocytes. GCTSC expressed the cytokine mRNAs such as M-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-gamma mRNAs. None of IL-1ralpha, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-18, TNF-alpha, G-CSF and IFN-gamma could be detected in all culture media. A significant amount of IL-6 could be detected in the culture media of all GCTSC. IL-8 was found in the culture media of two GCTSC and two osteosarcoma-derived cells. M-CSF was detected in all culture media. GCTSC express CaSR, and stimulation of GCTSC with either extracellular Ca(2+) or neomycin, agonist of CaSR, augmented the expression of RANKL. Some lines of GCTSC expressed alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and Cbfa1, suggesting that GCTSC are intimately related to osteoblastic lineage.
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PMID:Cytological properties of stromal cells derived from giant cell tumor of bone (GCTSC) which can induce osteoclast formation of human blood monocytes without cell to cell contact. 1602 7

Cytokine and cellular patterns of effusions may reflect stages of middle ear inflammation. The local interplay between IL-2 and -4 is likely to play a crucial role in the switching of inflammation in the chronic stage. The T-helper cell 2 (Th2) cytokines IL-4, -5 and -13 and the Th2/Th1 cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) regulate the cellular and molecular processes of chronic inflammation in the middle ear and therefore the chronic condition of otitis media with effusion (OME). Early identification of the cytokine and cellular patterns of effusions can be helpful in directing the clinical treatment of OME.We hypothesized that IL-2 and the group of Th2 cytokines regulate chronic inflammation in the middle ear and chronic OME. Effusions from children with persistent OME were analysed to determine the presence of cytokines (the Th1 cytokine IL-2, the Th2 cytokines IL-4, -5 and -13 and the Th1/Th2 cytokine GM-CSF), inflammatory cells (CD4+ T cells, eosinophils, macrophages and neutrophils) and mucin. Cytokines were evaluated by means of a quantitative "sandwich"-type ELISA, inflammatory cells by means of alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase immunocytostaining and mucin by means of a modified periodic acid-Schiff method based on a slot-blot technique. The cytokine pattern in effusions varied from patient to patient. GM-CSF correlated positively and IL-4 inversely with IL-2 and the increased level of IL-4 may have had an inhibitory effect on IL-2. IL-5 and -13 correlated with IL-4. Inflammatory cells correlated with cytokines as follows: CD4+ T cells with IL-2 and -4; macrophages and neutrophils with GM-CSF; and eosinophils with IL-5. Some cytokine-cellular correlations in effusions were reflected at the clinical level. The mucin content of effusions correlated with the concentrations of IL-4 (>10 pg/ml) and -13, suggesting involvement of IL-4 and -13 in upregulation of the middle ear mucin metabolism.
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PMID:Evidence of T-helper cell 2 cytokine regulation of chronic otitis media with effusion. 1629 84

In a screening program for new metabolites from fungi inhibiting the IL-4 mediated signal transduction, a novel chlorinated macrocyclic lactone, designated as oxacyclododecindione, was isolated from fermentations of the imperfect fungus Exserohilum rostratum. The structure was determined by a combination of spectroscopic techniques. Oxacyclododecindione inhibits the IL-4 induced expression of the reporter gene secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) in transiently transfected HepG2 cells with IC50 values of 20-25 ng/ml (54-67.5 nM). Studies on the mode of action of the compound revealed that the inhibition of the IL-4 dependent signaling pathway is caused by blocking the binding of the activated STAT6 transcription factors to the DNA binding site without inhibiting tyrosine phosphorylation. The compound has no antibacterial or antifungal activity.
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PMID:Oxacyclododecindione, a novel inhibitor of IL-4 signaling from Exserohilum rostratum. 1865 93

Bone marrow contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) including osteoblast progenitor cells. When culturedunder conditions promoting an osteoblastic phenotype,MSC proliferate to form colonies that produce alkaline phosphatase and, subsequently, a mature osteoblastic phenotype. Transplantation of cultured autologous MSC to patients with non-healing bone fractures gives a good result leading to complete bone fracture consolidation. The aim of the study is to determine a quantitative production of IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha by cultured uncommitted and committed osteogenic MSC. The results showed that the cytokine profile consisting of IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha is secreted by cultured MSC. The secretion of IL-1beta and IL-2 by cultured MSC together with hyper production of IL-6 (up to 276.5 pg/ml, p<0.05) and IL-8 (up to 106.6 ng/ml, p<0.05) by osteoinducted MSC are firstly shown. The immunoregulatory role of transplanted autologous cells in inflammation and own bone reparation processes during posttraumatic bone fracture healing is highlighted. In conclusion, the data obtained allow examining of cultured autologous MSC as effective activators of bone resorption, inflammation and some immunological reactions in the process of altered osteoreparation.
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PMID:[Immunoregulatory role of mesenchymal stem cells in bone reparation processes]. 1875 72

Chitosan is a polysaccharide scaffold used to enhance cartilage repair during treatments involving bone marrow stimulation, and it is reported to increase angiogenesis and osteogenesis in vivo. Here, we tested the hypotheses that addition of chitosan particles to the media of human bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) cultures stimulates osteogenesis by promoting osteoblastic differentiation and by favoring the release of angiogenic factors in vitro. Confluent BMSCs were cultured for 3 weeks with 16% fetal bovine serum, ascorbate-2-phosphate and disodium beta-glycerol phosphate, in the absence or presence of dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid commonly used as an inducer of BMSC osteoblast differentiation in vitro. As expected, dexamethasone slowed cell division, stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity and enhanced matrix mineralization. Added chitosan particles accumulated intra- and extracellularly and, while not affecting most osteogenic features, they inhibited osteocalcin release to the media at day 14 and interfered with mineralized matrix deposition. Interestingly, dexamethasone promoted cell attachment and suppressed the release and activation of matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2). While chitosan particles had no effect on the release of angiogenic factors, dexamethasone significantly inhibited (p<0.05 to p<0.0001) the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukins 1beta, 4, 6, and 10 (IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10), and a host of other inflammatory factors that were constitutively secreted by BMSCs. These results demonstrate that chitosan particles alone are not sufficient to promote osteoblast differentiation of BMSCs in vitro, and suggest that chitosan promotes osteogenesis in vivo through indirect mechanisms. Our data further show that continuous addition of dexamethasone promotes osteoblastic differentiation in vitro partly by inhibiting gelatinase activity and by suppressing inflammatory cytokines which result in increased cell attachment and cell cycle exit.
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PMID:Effect of chitosan particles and dexamethasone on human bone marrow stromal cell osteogenesis and angiogenic factor secretion. 1954 Mar 73

One hundred and eighty-four patients aged 60-95 years who had ischemic heart disease (IHD) were examined. The serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, apoA- and apoB-lipoproteins, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, etc. were measured on a Vitalab Flexor E. biochemical analyzer. The content of cytokines was determined by solid-phase immunoassay using the Protein contour test systems (State Research Institute of Particularly Pure Biologicals, Saint-Petersburg) on a Stat Fax photometer. There were pronounced changes in the cytokine spectrum in elderly and senile persons despite the fact that they had an adequate lipid spectrum. The increased levels of interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-6 suggest that there is an inflammatory reaction whereas those of tumor necrosis factor-alpha may be indicative of the body's autoimmune readiness. There was a high direct correlation of the content of apolipoproteins Apo-B1 and IL-6, as well as LP alpha and IL-6; ApoB1/Apo-A1 and IL-6. A high inverse correlation was found in the content of Apo-B1 and IL-6, which is a poor predictor in old age group patients. There was a mean correlation in the levels of apolipoproteins (B1 and B alpha) and the cytokines IL-1 beta, IL-4, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IFN-alpha; and there was a mean inverse correlation between the concentrations of apolipoproteins A1 and these cytokines.
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PMID:[Plasma lipids and interleukins in geriatric patients with ischemic heart disease]. 1982 89

The purpose of the work was research and functional reserves immunity in participants in the Chernobyl with cardiovascular disease. A Clinical Lab 49 men aged 44 to 52 years with diseases of the cardiovascular system, participated in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 to 1988. As control used data 33 patients with similar pathology, and 16 healthy men. Researched the total number of white blood cells, lymphocytes and transfusions, the absolute number and relative CD4+ and CD8+, CD 16, CD20+, CD95+ lymphocytes peripheral blood, number mononuclear, synthesizing IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, INF-alpha, IL-4, the content of lipids and proteins, the activity of alkaline phosphatase and mieloperoksidazy in neutrophils. To assess the functional reserve immune system blood samples studied people subjected to radiation doses 0.25, 50, 1.0 Gy of in vitro and studied the reaction cytochemical indicators neutrophils before and after the radiative forcing. The liquidators not detected significant changes in the absolute number of leucocytes, but compared with control groups noted significant reduction in the absolute number of CD8+ and CD20+ lymphocytes, increased the number of cells, expression of FAS-antigen, change the number of mononuclear spontaneously synthesizing and produce cytokines, decreased maintenance of cation proteins in neutrophils. Radiation samples peripheral blood liquidators caused the same reaction cytochemical indicators of neutrophils and control groups, the compensatory and adaptive nature of the changes in the immune system, developed in response to complex factors radiation accident.
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PMID:[The state of immunity in the liquidators of consequences of the Chernobyl accident with cardio-vascular diseases]. 2152 Jun 28


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