Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have previously reported the detection of a 37 kD liver protein-acetaldehyde adduct in rats fed alcohol chronically with the AIN'76 diet. It was surprising that only one liver protein-acetaldehyde adduct was found. In this report, we have tried to detect additional protein-acetaldehyde adducts by electroimmunotransblot with rabbit anti-hemocyanin-acetaldehyde adduct IgG and to further characterize the 37 kD liver protein-acetaldehyde adduct. Sensitivity of electroimmunotransblot increased 10- to 20-fold when alkaline phosphatase-linked antibody was used in place of horseradish peroxidase, but only one protein-acetaldehyde adduct band was detected in liver. Feeding rats the Lieber-DeCarli alcohol diet also did not produce more protein-acetaldehyde adduct bands in electroimmunotransblot. Addition of cyanamide, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, to the AIN'76 alcohol diet greatly increased the intensity of the 37-kD protein-acetaldehyde adduct band on electroimmunotransblot but did not produce other bands. The 37 kD protein-acetaldehyde adduct decayed in vivo with a half-life of 4 days when alcohol was removed from the diet. The 37 kD protein-acetaldehyde adduct in liver is cytosolic. Its interaction with anti-hemocyanin-acetaldehyde adduct IgG was blocked by polylysine-acetaldehyde adduct and polytyrosine-acetaldehyde adduct. It could be removed by immunosorption with anti-hemocyanin-acetaldehyde adduct IgG-bound immunoresin. When immunoblotted with anti-alcohol dehydrogenase and anti-aldehyde dehydrogenase antibodies, the alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase bands in liver of alcohol-fed rats showed identical intensities before and after immunosorption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
...
PMID:Further studies on the 37 kD liver protein-acetaldehyde adduct that forms in vivo during chronic alcohol ingestion. 280 59

The recent increase in the clinical use of synthetic vitamin A compounds has led to concern of possible side effects. Some of these effects are known to be influenced by dietary levels of vitamin K. We therefore compared the toxic effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid (13cisRA), retinyl acetate (ROAc), and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4HPR) in male Sprague-Dawley rats maintained on diets containing different levels of vitamin K. Animals were fed either an NIH-07 diet supplemented with menadione (3.1 ppm vitamin K3), an NIH-07 diet not supplemented with menadione, or an AIN-076 purified diet devoid of vitamin K. The retinoids had no effect on prothrombin times of animals fed the supplemented diet. When menadione was omitted from the diet, however, 4HPR-dosed animals had elevated prothrombin times. This effect was observed as early as Day 7 and was accompanied by one confirmed hemorrhagic death. 13cisRA-dosed animals showed no change in prothrombin times. In the high-dose ROAc group, there was a twofold increase in prothrombin times but only after prolonged dosing. In animals fed the NIH-07 diets, 13cisRA and ROAc induced multiple bone fractures at all dose levels. In contrast, 4HPR administered at the highest dose induced only one fracture in one animal. Animals fed the purified diet lost weight faster and diet sooner than those maintained on the other diets. Bone fractures were not observed in these animals because of early deaths resulting from hemorrhaging. For all retinoid-dosed groups maintained on the purified diet, changes in prothrombin times occured as early as 1 week. The order of effect was 4HPR greater than ROAc greater than 13cisRA, with increases in prothrombin times correlating with increases in hemorrhagic deaths. Hence, the degree of retinoid-induced hemorrhage, but not the incidence of bone fractures, was inversely related to vitamin K levels in the diet. 13cisRA and ROAc, but not 4HPR, caused a dose-dependent reduction in plasma osteocalcin, an effect that correlated with retinoid-induced bone effects. In contrast, serum alkaline phosphatase was elevated in animals dosed with 13cisRA or 4HPR but not in those dose with ROAc. For this enzyme, the electrophoretic pattern on agarose gel showed a decrease, compared to controls, in the major isozyme in serum of ROAc-dosed animals. Hence, plasma osteocalcin is a better predictor of retinoid-induced bone effects than serum alkaline phosphatase.
...
PMID:Retinoid-induced hemorrhaging and bone toxicity in rats fed diets deficient in vitamin K. 292 61

Male and female C3H/HeNCrl mice were divided into test groups and fed either a purified diet (AIN-76A) or a natural ingredient diet (NIH-07). Lesions of dystrophic cardiac calcinosis (DCC) were found to be more prevalent and more severe in mice fed the purified diet. The cardiac changes, which were similar in nature in both groups of mice, consisted of randomly distributed foci of myocardial mineralization and fibrosis. These lesions were not associated with clinical disease or significant alterations in serum calcium, lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase or creatine kinase levels. We conclude that AIN-76A purified diet should be utilized with caution in toxicology studies which use mice as experimental subjects, especially if the heart is a potential target organ.
...
PMID:Effect of a purified diet on dystrophic cardiac calcinosis in mice. 318 51

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and elemental diet (ED) produce intestinal atrophy and increase bacterial translocation (BT) to mesenteric lymph nodes. The increased rate of BT may be due to alterations in mucosal structure, enzyme activity, or mucin content. Fiber improves intestinal structure and function in rats and may reduce the rate of BT. This study determined whether the addition of fiber to TPN or ED would maintain intestinal integrity and decrease BT to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Fifty-six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent placement of jugular catheters and were assigned to one of five dietary groups: TPN, TPN+oral oat fiber (TPNF) 2 g/day, ED, ED+oral oat fiber (EDF) 2 g/day, or AIN-76 (control); they were pair-fed for 7 days. On day 8 the mesenteric lymph nodes were removed for bacterial cultures; and jejunal mucosal weight, DNA, protein, alkaline phosphatase, maltase, and jejunal mucin content were measured. Enteral nutrition significantly decreased BT when compared to parenteral feeding, and fiber significantly decreased BT when administered to rats receiving TPN or ED. Improvements in intestinal mucosal structure were not consistently associated with decreased rates of BT. Additionally, BT occurred independently of jejunal mucin concentration. Mechanisms other than maintenance of mucosal structure or mucin content are important in the mediation of fiber-induced decreased BT in rats receiving TPN or ED.
...
PMID:Fiber: effect on bacterial translocation and intestinal mucin content. 774 Aug 2

Composition of diet may influence growth, diseases, tumor rates, and responses to chemical treatment. Since 1980 the NIH-07 open formula nonpurified diet has been the selected diet for the National Toxicology Program (NTP) toxicity and carcinogenicity studies in rodents. Studies with nonpurified experimental diets with lower protein and higher fat and fiber than the NIH-07 diet indicated that the diet for Fischer-344 (F344) rats in long-term studies could be modified to decrease the severity of chronic diseases and to decrease/delay the development of spontaneous tumors. Based on the results of these studies a new open formula nonpurified diet designated as NTP-2000 was formulated to contain approximately 14.5% protein, approximately 8.5% fat, and approximately 9.5% fiber. Corn, wheat, and wheat middlings contribute to about 60% of the ingredients; soybean meal, fish meal, and alfalfa meal are the additional sources of protein; purified cellulose, oat hulls, and alfalfa meal are the major sources of fiber; and soy oil and corn oil are the major sources of fat in the NTP-2000 diet. The Ca:P ratio and mineral and vitamin concentrations were reformulated based on AIN-93 and NRC-95 recommendations. The NIH-07 and the NTP-2000 diets were fed to groups of 6-week-old F344 rats for 13 weeks and evaluated for growth patterns, food and water consumptions, hematology and clinical chemistry parameters, and organ weights and pathological changes. Growth patterns and body weights were similar for both diets. Food consumptions were slightly higher and water consumptions were slightly lower for the groups fed NTP-2000 diet. There were no differences in hematological parameters between the groups fed the above diets. Serum levels of cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, and 5' nucleotidase were slightly higher in groups fed the NTP-2000 diet possibly due to higher fat content of this diet. However, the serum triglyceride levels were slightly lower in groups fed the NTP-2000 diet and it may be related to higher fiber content of the NTP-2000 diet. The liver and kidney weights of the groups fed NTP-2000 diet were significantly lower possibly due to lower protein content of this diet and lower protein consumption associated changes in Phase I and Phase II drug metabolizing enzyme systems. The adrenal weights were also lower in groups fed the new diet. The NTP-2000 diet prevented nephrocalcinosis and decreased the severity of nephropathy and cardiomyopathy, the common lesions of F344 rats in 13-week studies. These results indicate that the NTP-2000 diet is adequate for growth and maintenance of rats and appears to prevent or decrease the severity of diet-associated lesions.
...
PMID:New diet (NTP-2000) for rats in the National Toxicology Program toxicity and carcinogenicity studies. 881 43

The effects of supplementing Bifidobacterium longum SBT 2928 and Lactobacillus acidophilus SBT 2062 to a high-fat, low-calcium diet on bile acid concentration, fatty acid concentration, cytolytic activity and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of fecal water in rats injected with and without 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH) were examined. Male Wistar rats at 8 weeks of age were fed a diet containing 18% coconut oil, 2% corn oil and 0.1% calcium for 15 d. Lyophilized cultures were supplemented to test diets at a concentration of 1%. The feeding of a high-fat, low-calcium diet elevated the bile acid concentration, cytolytic activity and ALP activity of fecal water as compared to the AIN-76A diet, whereas the fatty acid concentration was not changed. None of the cultures had any effect on these parameters. Furthermore, 8 week-old rats were given a single subcutaneous injection of DMH at 40 mg/kg body weight, and fed the same diets for 15 d. The DMH injection had no effect on the bile acid concentration but increased the fatty acid concentration and cytolytic activity of fecal water. In contrast, ALP activity was lower in the DMH-treated rats than in the non-treated rats. The ingestion of B. longum lowered cytolytic activity but had no effect on the bile acids, fatty acids and ALP activity of fecal water. L. acidophilus had no effect on these parameters.
...
PMID:Supplementation of Bifidobacterium longum to a high-fat, low-calcium diet lowers cytolytic activity of fecal water in rats injected with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride. 959 Dec 45

An 8-week study was conducted to determine the impact of dietary ground flaxseed (FS) or defatted flaxseed meal (FLM) on plasma lipids, minerals, hematological parameters and vitamin E status of weanling female Sprague-Dawley rats. These rats were fed isocaloric modified AIN-76 diets supplemented with 0.0, 5.0, 10.0% (w/w) FS or 6.2% (w/w) FLM for 56 days. Total and HDL cholesterol were not influenced by any of the dietary treatments. Plasma triglyceride was significantly increased by FLM, but not affected by FS. Total RBC counts and hematocrit were significantly higher in FS groups than in the control group; however, hemoglobin was not affected by FS. Dietary FLM had no effect on any of the above hematological parameters. Plasma alkaline phosphatase, an indicator of Zn status and a marker of bone formation, was significantly lower in the FS and FLM groups than in the control group. Plasma vitamin E content was not influenced by dietary treatment. Liver vitamin E was significantly higher in groups fed 10% FS and 6.2% FLM. In summary, moderate amounts of dietary FS may have the potential to increase liver vitamin E level and improve iron status. However, FS/FLM consumption may have a negative effect on zinc status, as indicated by decreased alkaline phosphatase levels.
...
PMID:Nutritional and hematological impact of dietary flaxseed and defatted flaxseed meal in rats. 1095 54

The effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on ex vivo bone prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production and bone formation rate were evaluated in rats. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed AIN-93G diet containing 70 g/kg of added fat for 42 d. The dietary lipid treatments were formulated with safflower oil and menhaden oil to provide the following ratios of (n-6)/(n-3) fatty acids: 23.8 (SMI), 9.8 (SMII), 2.6 (SMIII), and 1.2 (SMIV). Ex vivo PGE(2) production in liver homogenates and bone organ cultures (right femur and tibia) were significantly lower in rats fed diets with a lower dietary ratio of (n-6)/(n-3) fatty acids than in those fed diets with a higher dietary ratio. Regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between bone PGE(2) and the ratio of arachidonic acid (AA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), but significant negative correlations between bone formation rate and either the ratio of AA/EPA or PGE(2) in bone. Activities of serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes, including the bone-specific isoenzyme (BALP), were greater in rats fed a diet high in (n-3) or a low ratio of (n-6)/(n-3), further supporting the positive action of (n-3) fatty acids on bone formation. These results demonstrated that the dietary ratio of (n-6)/(n-3) modulates bone PGE(2) production and the activity of serum BALP in growing rats.
...
PMID:Dietary ratio of (n-6)/(n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids alters the fatty acid composition of bone compartments and biomarkers of bone formation in rats. 1095 24

Influence of alimentary zinc deficiency on nitrogen elimination and activities of urea cycle enzymes This study was conducted to investigate whether the hyperammonaemia shown in earlier zinc-deficiency experiments was the result of disturbed enzyme activities of the urea cycle. For this study 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average body weight of 85 g were divided into three experimental groups of 12 animals each. Group 1 received the semisynthetic zinc-deficient diet (AIN-93G; 1.2 mg Zn/kg DM) ad libitum over 33 experimental days. Group 2 received the zinc-sulphate-supplemented control diet (60 mg Zn/kg DM) ad libitum and group 3 received the same diet matched to the feed intake of the zinc-deficient rats. Alimentary zinc deficiency reduced the zinc concentration and the activity of the alkaline phosphatase in serum by 75 and 67%, respectively. The activity of the glutamate dehydrogenase and the concentrations of ammonia and urea in the serum of the zinc-deficient rats showed no significant differences compared with pair-fed control rats. On the other hand the hepatic activity of the mitochondrial localized glutamate dehydrogenase of the zinc-deficient rats was significantly increased and the carbamoylphosphate synthetase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase were reduced about half in comparison with both control groups. The activities of the cytosolic liver enzymes such as argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase and arginase were again significantly increased in zinc-deficient rats compared with both control groups. The increased hepatic activity of the glutamate dehydrogenase possibly led to an enhanced NH(3) elimination in addition to urea synthesis. The typical reduction of feed intake in consequence of zinc deficiency is therefore not the cause of hyperammonaemia due to disturbed urea synthesis, as has been hypothesized in earlier studies.
...
PMID:[Influence of alimentary zinc deficiency on nitrogen elimination and enzyme activities of the urea cycle]. 1168 72

This study was designed to examine the skeletal response to copper depletion and mechanical unloading in mature animals. In a 2 x 2 experimental design, 5.5-mo-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36) consumed either the control (AIN-93M) or Cu-depletion ((-)Cu) diet beginning 21 d before suspension and throughout the remainder of the study. Half of the rats in each dietary treatment group were either tail-suspended (TS) or kept ambulatory (AMB) for 28 d. Lower bone mineral densities (BMD) of 5th lumbar vertebra (L5) (P < 0.05) and femur were observed with (-)Cu and TS, but no differences were noted in the BMD of the humerus. Mechanical strength in the femur and vertebra decreased in response to TS, but were unaffected by copper depletion. Urinary deoxypyridinoline, an index of bone resorption, was significantly greater in TS rats, but unaltered by (-)Cu. No changes in serum or bone alkaline phosphatase activity, an indicator of bone formation, were observed. Our findings suggest that TS and (-)Cu decreased BMD in unloaded femur and vertebra but had no effect on normally loaded humerus. Bone loss with TS appeared to be related to accelerated bone resorption. Alterations in bone metabolism and bone mechanical properties in the mature skeleton resulting from (-)Cu warrant further investigation.
...
PMID:Skeletal unloading and dietary copper depletion are detrimental to bone quality of mature rats. 1182 77


1 2 Next >>

---