Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A panel of nine monoclonal antibodies was used to characterize human mesothelioma cell lines that we established from human malignant mesothelioma. The antigens detected were cytokeratin, vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, Leu-M1 (CD15), desmin, factor VIII-related antigen (von Willebrand factor antigen), OV632, and ME1, a specific monoclonal antibody directed against human malignant mesothelioma. The technique used was the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase method. All 30 cell lines, either epithelial, sarcomatous, or mixed, showed strong reactivity with cytokeratin and vimentin antibodies. None of the cell lines demonstrated any reactivity with carcinoembryonic antigen, Leu-M1, or factor VIII antibodies; moreover, all of 22 cell lines studied were positive for ME1 antibody and 10 of 12 cell lines studied were positive for OV632. Some interesting features were noted: only two of the 30 cell lines presented a weak positive staining with epithelial membrane antigen, and nine of 19 cell lines tested demonstrated a cytoplasmic staining pattern with desmin antibody. These results show that established human mesothelioma cell lines still possess the immunocytochemical characteristics that are basically consistent with the immunohistochemical features described in tumor tissues of malignant mesothelioma. These characteristics can be used to identify the mesothelioma cells grown from human malignant mesothelioma. Hence, the mesothelioma cell lines will provide a useful tool for the investigation of the cell biology of the tumor and the mechanisms of mesothelial cell transformation, as well as the in vitro evaluation of the effects of some drugs in order to develop new therapies for malignant mesothelioma.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical characterization of cell lines from human malignant mesothelioma: characterization of human mesothelioma cell lines by immunocytochemistry with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. 815 Apr 53

Several studies have suggested that p53 immunostaining does not occur in benign mesothelium but is common in malignancies involving the serous surfaces, including malignant mesothelioma. As a result, p53 has been advocated as a marker of malignancy in serous fluid cytology. However, the specificity of p53 in this context has been brought into question by some studies that claim to have found immunostaining in benign mesothelium. The aim of our study was to examine p53 immunostaining in a large series of serous fluids to try to resolve the uncertainty. Monoclonal Do-7 antibody was used to immunostain ethanol-fixed cytospin preparations employing an alkaline phosphatase method. Positivity was found in 17 of 35 malignant effusions, including two probable mesotheliomas, but was not found in any of 115 benign effusions. Our study suggests that p53 immunostaining is a highly specific and moderately sensitive marker of malignancy in serous fluids.
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PMID:p53 immunostaining is a highly specific and moderately sensitive marker of malignancy in serous fluid cytology. 906 50

Monoclonal antibody GC12 was examined for its value in cytopathologic diagnosis. Its sensitivity and specificity in staining reactive mesothelial cells in serous effusions was determined using the indirect immuno alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase technique. Smears prepared from 78 serous effusions (15 benign, 54 malignant, 9 atypical) were immunostained with GC12 and five other monoclonal antibodies: KL1 directed against cytokeratins, D33 against desmin, E29 against epithelial membrane antigen, Calam 27 against epithelial surface antigen and NEO 723 reactive with carcinoembryonic antigen. GC12 reacted positively with 80 to 100% mesothelial cells from the 15 benign effusions. Carcinoma cells were negative in 87% of malignant cases. Ovarian carcinomas were specially stained among positive cases. One malignant mesothelioma was positive and one was unreactive with GC12. Moreover, the reactivity of atypical cells in 9 serous effusions with GC12 was helpful to characterize benign and malignant effusions: the immunophenotype GC12-, Desmine-, Calam 27+, EMA+, ACE+ allowed detection of carcinoma cells in 2 cases. It is concluded that GC12 is a good tool for distinguishing carcinoma cells from reactive mesothelial cells in serous effusions.
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PMID:[GC12, marker of cells of mesodermal origin. Value and application to cytodiagnosis of serous effusions]. 940 75

Apoptosis is a physiological process wherein the cell initiates a sequence of events culminating in the fragmentation of its DNA, nuclear collapse, and finally disintegration of the cell into small, membrane-bound apoptotic bodies. Expression of Fas (APO-1, CD95) Receptor (FasR) and programmed or active cell (PCD) death was studied in childhood astrocytomas (ASTRs) with varying stages of malignancy, including pilocytic ASTR, low grade ASTR, anaplastic ASTR, and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The great majority of childhood glial tumors, particularly ASTRs express FasR whereas normal cells in the central nervous system (CNS) do not. FasR represents a transmembrane glycoprotein which belongs to the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor (NGF/TNF) receptor superfamily. Apoptosis within ASTRs is triggered by the binding of FasR to its natural ligand (FasL) or by cross-linking with antibodies developed against FasR. Presence of FasL was also detected in childhood glial tumors. The expression of both FasR and FasL was also observed within the same ASTRs. Therefore, spontaneous, IP regulatory, intratumoral apoptotic cell death (autocrine suicide) is possible in childhood glial tumors. During a systematic, immunocytochemical screening of 42 childhood ASTRs tissues divided according to WHO classification: 6 WHO grade I or pilocytic ASTRs; 14 WHO grade II or low grade ASTRs; 16 WHO grade III or anaplastic ASTRs and 6 WHO grade IV or glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), we detected strong expression (intensity of staining: "A"--the highest possible; number of stained cells: +2 to +4, between 20% to 90%) of FasR, employing 4 microns thick, formalin fixed, paraffin-wax embedded tissue slides. FasR was present on 70% to 90% of tumor cells in pilocytic ASTRs, in 50% to 60% of the tumor cells in low grade ASTRs, in between 30% and 40% of the tumor cells in anaplastic ASTRs, and in between 20% to 35% of GBM cells. The panel of normal tissues employed as positive and negative tissue controls demonstrated presence of FasR in the prenatal thymus, mature tonsils and colonic epithelium. The use of a sensitive, indirect, six step immunoperoxidase or alkaline phosphatase conjugated streptavidin-biotin antigen detection technique provided excellent immunocytochemical results. A broad spectrum of neoplastic cells have been identified to express FasR: 1) carcinomas of epithelial origin, such as breast (ductal invasive, lobular invasive, mucinous), renal cell, gastric, colorectal, endometrial, prostate, pancreas, hepatocellular and large cell and squamous cell lung carcinomas: 2) non-epithelial neoplasms such as B cell mediastinal B cell and nodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas large granular lymphocytic leukemia of T or NK cell origin malignant fibrous histiocytoma, malignant mesothelioma, leiomyosarcoma, epitheloid sarcoma and alveolar soft part sarcoma, as well as melanomas. Flow cytometry studies have also detected FasR expression on cells of adult T cell, and hairy cell leukemias, as well as in chronic B cell lymphocytic leukemia (BCLL). The coexpression of both FasR and FasL on several malignant cell types may represent an effective mechanism of tumor escape from the cellular immunological response of the host. It has been well established that brain tumors and melanomas produce their autocrine FasL, and even become capable of switching the signal transduction associated with FasL-FasR coupling from the PCD pathway to a tumor growth, proliferative pathway. It seems that the therapeutical use of FasR-FasL (main apoptotic pathway) may represent a new and exciting type of immunotherapy in the treatment of primary childhood glial tumors.
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PMID:Fas (Apo-1, CD95) receptor expression in childhood astrocytomas. Is it a marker of the major apoptotic pathway or a signaling receptor for immune escape of neoplastic cells? 1058 78

Mesothel is the cell lining of serosal surface of the pleura, peritoneum, pericardium, and testis. Malignant mesothelioma is a highly aggressive tumor from mesothel that has a tendency to grow rapidly and invade locally. Although the incidence of malignant mesenterial mesothelioma is not so high, the case fatality rate is very high. The aim of this case report is to report the rare and difficult case with several complications. A Balinese man, 64 years old, came with chief complaint of weakness, abdominal enlargement, and nausea, with history of previous liver disease. On physical examination were found a decrease of conciousness, subfebrile, abdominal distension, ascites, negative traube space, and paralysis of the left side of the body. Laboratory examination results showed leukocytosis, hypochromic-micrositic anemia, trombocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, increase of alkaline phosphatase, and mild hyponatremia. Abdominal USG showed intraperitoneal mass which some of them attach to abdominal wall, possibly from mesenterium and ascites, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) revealed reflux esofagitis and anthral erossive gastritis, skull CT scan showed small infarction at left parietal medulla and right basal ganglia, cytology showed spreaded and grouped mesothel with reactive lymphocyte and amorph back ground. FNAB result showed malignant mesothelioma, and normal colonoscopy. Based on the above data, the diagnoses were malignant mesenterial mesothelioma, reflux esofagitis and anthral erossive gastritis, and non hemorrhagic stroke. Malignant mesenterial mesothelioma should be considered in patient with the combination of unexplained ascites and abdominal pain. Although the result of treatment is very disappointing, the patient had to be treated optimally to increase quality of life.
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PMID:Malignant mesenterial mesothelioma in stroke patients. 1915 50

Serosal pathologies including malignant mesothelioma (MM) can show features of osseous and/or cartilaginous differentiation although the mechanism for its formation is unknown. Mesothelial cells have the capacity to differentiate into cells with myofibroblast, smooth muscle and endothelial cell characteristics. Whether they can differentiate into other cell types is unclear. This study tests the hypothesis that mesothelial cells can differentiate into cell lineages of the embryonic mesoderm including osteoblasts and adipocytes. To examine this, a functional assay of bone formation and an adipogenic assay were performed in vitro with primary rat and human mesothelial cells maintained in osteogenic or adipogenic medium (AM) for 0-26 days. Mesothelial cells expressed increasing levels of alkaline phosphatase, an early marker of the osteoblast phenotype, and formed mineralized bone-like nodules. Mesothelial cells also accumulated lipid indicative of a mature adipocyte phenotype when cultured in AM. All cells expressed several key osteoblast and adipocyte markers, including osteoblast-specific runt-related transcription factor 2, and demonstrated changes in mRNA expression consistent with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In conclusion, these studies confirm that mesothelial cells have the capacity to differentiate into osteoblast- and adipocyte-like cells, providing definitive evidence of their multipotential nature. These data strongly support mesothelial cell differentiation as the potential source of different tissue types in MM tumours and other serosal pathologies, and add support for the use of mesothelial cells in regenerative therapies.
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PMID:Mesothelial cell differentiation into osteoblast- and adipocyte-like cells. 2107 May 99

Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive serosal tumor associated with asbestos exposure. We previously demonstrated that mesothelial cells differentiate into cells of different mesenchymal lineages and hypothesize that osseous tissue observed in a subset of MM patients is due to local differentiation of MM cells. In this study, the capacity of human and mouse MM cells to differentiate into osteoblast-like cells was determined in vitro using a functional model of bone nodule formation and in vivo using an established model of MM. Human and murine MM cell lines cultured in osteogenic medium expressed alkaline phosphatase and formed mineralized bone-like nodules. Several human and mouse MM cell lines also expressed a number of osteoblast phenotype markers, including runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteopontin, osteonectin and bone sialoprotein mRNA and protein. Histological analysis of murine MM tumors identified areas of ossification within the tumor, similar to those observed in human MM biopsies. These data demonstrate the ability of MM to differentiate into another mesenchymal cell type and suggest that MM cells may contribute to the formation of the heterologous elements observed in MM tumors.
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PMID:A Subset of Malignant Mesothelioma Tumors Retain Osteogenic Potential. 2788 5