Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thick mucosa removed from the promontory in cases with chronic otitis media showed prominent PAS-positive glands and epithelial secretory cells. Alcian blue positivity was less pronounced, contrary to the mucosa from glue ears. Enzyme activity in the epithelium and propria was comparable to that in glue ears, with some increase in alkaline phosphatase and some decrease in proprial lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activity. Removal of thick, permanently altered mucoas is recommended even in the absence of squamous epithelium. Steps should be taken to allow regrowth of thin, normal middle ear epithelium on the promontory.
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PMID:Middle ear mucosa and chronic ear disease. III. Enzyme studies of thick noncholesteatomous epithelium. 4 73

Both paranasal and middle ear cavities are surrounded by bony walls and are lined with upper respiratory mucosae. Thus it can be worthwhile to compare the biochemical and cytological characteristics of the fluids in these cavities, and this gives valuable information to help us to understand the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion. The fluids in the otitis media with serous effusion (OME-S), otitis media with mucoid effusion (OME-M) and acute otitis media (OMA) were sampled for the middle ear diseases, and those in postoperative maxillary cyst (POMC) and acutely aggravated chronic maxillary sinusitis (CMS) were chosen for maxillary sinus group. LDH (lactate dehydrogenase). ALP (alkaline phosphatase), CHO (total cholesterol), LDH isozymes and ALP isozymes of these effusions were assayed and the results of each group were compared. Coincidently, through smear samples of these effusions, infiltrating cell count, cell differential count and cholesterol crystals were observed microscopically. LDH activity of the fluids was extremely higher than those of the serum in all diseases. The LDH activity ratios to serum were CMS greater than or equal to OMA greater than or equal to OME-M greater than POMC greater than OME-S in order of activity. LDH isozyme analysis showed higher LDH 4 and 5 than LDH 1 and 2 in all diseases. ALP activity ratios to serum were OME-S greater than or equal to OMA greater than OME-M much greater than POMC greater than or equal to CMS in order of activity. Middle ear diseases manifested higher ALP activities than maxillary diseases. CHO ratios to serum were POMS greater than OME-M greater than or equal to OME-S greater than CMS greater than or equal to OMA in order of quantity. This result agreed with the frequencies of cholesterol crystallization of these fluids. The fluids of OME-M showed mild infiltration of cells, and cell differentiations were polymorphonuclear leucocyte greater than lymphocyte much greater than macrophage much greater than epithelial cell in order of cell numbers. There were few infiltrating cells in the fluids of OME-S and differentiations were lymphocyte greater than or equal to polymorphonuclear greater than or equal to macrophage in order of numbers. There were a few cells but were many cell debris in the fluids of POMC, and cells were polymorphonuclear much greater than macrophage greater than lymphocyte in order of cell count.
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PMID:[The comparative study of fluids in middle ear cavity and maxillary sinus--biochemical and cytological analysis]. 201 16

Familial expansile osteolysis (FEO) is a unique bone dysplasia, which has, over five generations, affected 42 members of a Northern Ireland family. The disease follows a classic autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. The condition is distinct enough in its clinical features and natural history to be recognized as a new and unique disease. There are both general and focal skeletal changes, the latter having a predominantly peripheral distribution and an onset from the second decade. Progressive osteoclastic resorption accompanied by medullary expansion leads to severe and painful disabling deformities with a tendency to pathologic fracture. Most affected members of the family have an associated early-onset deafness and loss of dentition as a result of unique middle ear and dental abnormalities. The serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline are elevated to a variable degree, whereas other biochemical indices are normal. The response of the disease to a therapeutic trial using parenteral dichloro-methylene-diphosphonate (dichloro-MDP) produced an initial rapid biochemical response, which was not sustained.
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PMID:Familial expansile osteolysis. 253 18

Prostaglandins (PGs) are naturally occurring, cyclic, unsaturated fatty acids which possess a wide range of potent biological activities. PGs have been found in human middle ear effusions and might have implications for understanding the inflammation and possibly the bone resorption seen in chronic otitis media. We have measured PGs by radioimmunoassay in middle ear effusions (MEE) from experimentally induced serous otitis media (SOM) and purulent otitis media (POM) in chinchillas. PGE2 levels were significantly higher in the POM group compared to the SOM group. We have also demonstrated that chinchilla middle ear mucosa can convert arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of PGs, to PG by injecting 14C-AA into bullae and assaying using radiochromatography. This conversion was completely blocked by both indomethacin and aspirin given orally or by direct injection into the middle ear. We then injected 50 microgram of PGE2 into chinchilla bullae to assess its effect on the composition of MEE. First, the time course of PGE2 metabolism after its injection into the middle ear (ME) was determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of labelled and unlabelled PGE2. Following this, serial daily injections of PGE2 and normal saline as control were made for one, three, and seven days. MEE and serum were collected and assayed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid and alkaline phosphatase, calcium, protein and hexosamine. Compared to the control, the levels of LDH, acid and alkaline phosphatase, calcium and protein were significantly elevated. Hexosamine levels were higher than the control at one and three days but did not differ significantly at seven days from the control. We have therefore demonstrated that chinchilla middle ear mucosa has the ability to synthesize PG from AA and suggest an active role for PGs in the inflammation and in the bone resorption seen in otitis media.
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PMID:Effect of prostaglandin on the composition of chinchilla middle ear effusion. 677 99

Biochemical studies of middle ear effusions have demonstrated generally higher levels of certain hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in mucoid fluids when compared to serous. We have extended these studies by analyzing middle ear effusions for the content of a large number of lysosomal hydrolases. The mean specific activity for alpha-glucosidase in mucoid fluids was found to be ten times that for serous fluids while alpha-mannosidase, beta-glucuronidase, hexosaminidase, acid phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase were found to be three to five times greater in mucoid than serous effusions. In this study the specific enzyme activities for lysosomal hydrolases from purulent effusions were found to be intermediate between the activities in serous and mucoid effusions. No significant correlation was found between the specific activities of lysosomal hydrolases and the presence or absence of bacteria in mucoid or serous middle ear effusions. The hexosaminidase isozyme distribution was found to be identical for serous and mucoid fluids and similar to that found in human serum. However, the isozyme pattern of beta-glucuronidase in mucoid effusions was significantly different than that in normal human serum as mucoid fluids contain a large amount of an anionic isoenzyme of beta-glucuronidase that is barely detectable in human serum.
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PMID:Lysosomal hydrolases in middle ear effusions. 722 13

Unusual blood vessels in the cochlea of the squirrel monkey are reported. The blood vessels in Reissner's membrane and basilar membrane are occasionally found in the course of the experimental middle ear study. The blood vessel of Reissner's membrane derives from a radiating arteriole in the upper spiral ligament and takes a straight course down to the inner surface of the spiral limbus, running on the scala vestibuli side of Reissner's membrane, and finally joins the venous vessel of the spiral limbus. Two blood vessels are noted in the basilar membrane of basal turn, running fairly parallel to each other from the tympanic lip to the basilar crest of the spiral ligament in the same cochlea. It is confirmed that these unusual blood vessels derive from the radiating arterioles in the osseous spiral lamina and connect with the venules of the basilar crest in the spiral ligament. Although unusual blood vessels in both Reissner's membrane and basilar membrane are thought to be vestigial structures, they contain a remarkable amount of alkaline phosphatase in their walls. This suggests that these unusual vessels have actually functioned until their death. Multiple occurrence of unusual blood vessels in both Reissner's membrane and basilar membrane of the cochlea of various animals, including man, has not yet been reported in the literature as far as we have been able to ascertain. Incomplete devascularization in the developing process of the cochlea may possibly be the cause of such unusual conditions after birth.
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PMID:Unusual blood vessels in the cochlea of the squirrel monkey. 746 48

Cholesteatoma is characterized by the presence of a squamous epithelium invading the middle ear altering its growth properties. This epithelium is believed to have hyperproliferative properties. Keratin 16 is accepted as a molecular marker for hyperproliferative epithelia. Two monoclonal antibodies K8.12 (directed against keratin 13) and KS.1A3 (directed against keratin 13 and 16) were used in an alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline-phosphatase (APAAP)-technique to compare the expression of both keratin 13 and keratin 16 in normal human skin and aural cholesteatoma. Furthermore, the cytokeratin expression was compared to that of normal skin and palatine tonsil using one-dimensional gel electrophoresis. For both monoclonal antibodies, normal ear skin was stained only in the basal layer. In contrast, in the cholesteatoma samples the immunostaining of the antibody KS-1A3 was done not only in the basal cell layer but also in the suprabasal cells of the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum. Using gel-electrophoresis, the presence of cytokeratin 16 was demonstrated in the cholesteatoma samples only. These results support the hyperproliferative character of cholesteatoma epithelium.
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PMID:Hyperproliferation-associated keratin expression in human middle ear cholesteatoma. 768 77

Locally produced pro-inflammatory cytokines are considered to play an important role in the initiation and/or maintenance of inflammatory diseases. In cholesteatomatous lesions there are increased levels of some cytokines and inflammatory mediators like interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor and colony-stimulating factor, etc. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) can be produced by different cells present in cholesteatoma (e.g. keratinocytes, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and macrophages). Until now, no data have been available on the role of IL-6 in cholesteatoma. In this study we used immunohistochemistry to investigate the presence and distribution of IL-6 in tissue samples from cholesteatoma patients. Levels of the cytokine were quantified in tissue extracts using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Finally, the presence of biologically active IL-6 was analyzed in the murine cell line 7TD1. Human skin samples obtained from the external ear canal were used as controls. Using the anti-IL-6 antibody in an alkaline phosphatase anti alkaline phosphatase technique, a moderate diffuse staining of the whole epidermis was observed in sections of normal skin. In cryostat sections of cholesteatoma samples, a stronger staining of the whole epithelium was observed. Many of the cells infiltrating the cholesteatoma stroma also showed positive immunostainings. The concentration of IL-6 in relation to the total protein concentration in cholesteatoma (119.33 +/- 30) were higher than in human skin (9.16 +/- 13). While IL-6 activity was not detected in skin samples, two of the ten cholesteatoma samples studied showed a stimulatory effect when incubated with the cell line 7TD1. The overexpression of IL-6 in middle ear cholesteatoma suggests a participation of this cytokine in some of the clinical features seen: epithelial hyperproliferation and bone resorption. The absence of biological activity in the majority of the cholesteatoma samples points to the presence of natural inhibitors for IL-6.
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PMID:Role of interleukin 6 in epithelial hyperproliferation and bone resorption in middle ear cholesteatomas. 865 57

Cholesteatoma in children is characterized by a more extensive and rapid growth in the middle ear and mastoid cavities. The growth characteristics of the cholesteatoma in 20 children were studied using the monoclonal antibody MIB 1, which recognizes a nuclear antigen expressed by cells in the G1, S, and G2/M phases. Specimens of normal adult auditory meatal skin (n = 15) and adult cholesteatoma (n = 15) served as controls. The tissue specimens were prepared for immunohistochemical examination using the alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase method and an automatic image analyzer. Specimens of normal skin revealed an average MIB 1 score of 9.2 +/- 3.10%. Child and adult cholesteatomas showed higher values. The average MIB 1 score was higher in child cholesteatoma (42 +/- 9.4%) than in adult cholesteatoma (28.2 +/- 6%). This difference was statistically significant (P<.01). Our results confirm a significant increase of the proliferative rate of cholesteatoma keratinocytes in children, giving an explanation for the more aggressive clinical behavior observed in these patients.
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PMID:Immunobiological peculiarities of cholesteatoma in children: quantification of epithelial proliferation by MIB1. 866 84

Cholesteatoma epithelium is characterized by a keratinocyte dysregulation with aggressive growth subsequently destroying the middle ear mucosa. The monoclonal antibody Ki-67 recognizes a nuclear antigen expressed by cells in the G1, S, and G2/M phases being used to determine the growing cell fraction in tissue samples. Cryostat sections of skin and cholesteatoma biopsies were examined immunohistochemically for reactivity with Ki-67 using the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase method. Nuclear staining was seen in a small number of keratinocytes located in the basal cell layer of normal auditory meatal skin. In contrast, numerous cells of the basal and suprabasal layers in cholesteatoma were found to react with Ki-67. A cytoplasmic staining was also observed in both skin and cholesteatoma. In cholesteatoma, the cytoplasmic staining was stronger. These results clearly show that cholesteatoma epithelium proliferates at a higher rate than normal epidermis, confirming the hyperproliferative behavior of cholesteatoma.
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PMID:Identification of proliferating keratinocytes in middle ear cholesteatoma using the monoclonal antibody Ki-67. 871 33


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