Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The chemical synthesis of the tital bridged trinucleoside diphosphates 3e and 3f along with the corresponding dinucleoside phosphates 3c and 3d is described. Bridged nucleosides 3a and 3b gave on treatment with triethyl orthoformate in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid in dimethylformamide the cyclic orthoesters 2a and 2b. Condensation of 2a and 2b with N,2',5'-O-triacetylcytidine 3'-phosphate (1) using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in pyridine afforded after deblocking and chromatographic separation products 3c-f. The latter were readily degraded with pancreatic RNase, but 3c and 3e were completely resistant toward snake venom phosphodiesterase whereas 3d and 3f were digested to the extent of 65 and 43%, respectively. The major product of degradation of 3f with phosphodiesterase was compound 3d resulting from the combined action of phosphodiesterase and contaminating phosphomonoesterase. The results are explained in terms of stacking of terminal bridge nucleoside units in 3c-f. The implications of these findings for the function of snake venom phosphodiesterase are discussed.
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PMID:Synthesis of dicytidylyl-(3'-5')-1,2-di(adenosin-N6-yl)ethane and dicytidylyl-(3'-5')-1,4-di(adenosin-N6-yl)butane: covalently joined terminals of two transfer ribonucleic acids and their behavior toward snake venom phosphodiesterase. 624 71

Initiation of osteogenesis or bone formation is dependent on cell and tissue interactions. We investigated the events between 4 and 7 days of incubation that translate epithelial-mesenchymal signalling into overt differentiation of osteoblasts and deposition of bone in the mandibles of chick embryos. Condensation of mandibular mesenchyme (the membranous skeleton), visualized with PNA-lectin, occurred at H.H. mid-26 (5.75 days), lasted 12 h and preceded osteoblast differentiation by 1.5 days. As determined from 3D-reconstruction all mandibular membrane bones arose from a single condensation closely associated with the stomodeal epithelium. The finding that the osteogenic condensation in the mandibular arch is a major branch of a common condensation that provides osteogenic mesenchyme to both maxillary and mandibular arches establishes a closer link between mechanisms controlling development of the skeleton in these two arches than previously suspected. Preosteoblasts (alkaline phosphatase-positive cells) form in the mandible at H.H. early 25, which is before condensation but after the epithelial-mesenchymal interaction upon which preosteoblast formation and condensation depend--neither form in isolated mesenchyme, whereas both form after recombination of mesenchyme and epithelium. Tenascin was present in the mandibular epithelium only at H.H. stage 19 but not in the mesenchyme at any age. Therefore, the epithelial-mesenchymal interaction controls initiation of osteogenesis at the preosteoblast stage. Preosteoblasts then condense, transform into osteoblasts and deposit bone matrix. Differentiation of preosteoblasts precedes condensation which amplifies their number. This is in contrast with chondrogenesis where condensation triggers prechondroblast differentiation.
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PMID:Relationships between cellular condensation, preosteoblast formation and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in initiation of osteogenesis. 754 14

A new synthesis of chromonyl based on the reaction of formylfurochromone (4,9-dimethoxy-5-oxo-5H-furo[3,2-g][1] benzopyran-6-carbaldebyde) 1 with semicarbazide hydrochloride and thiosemicarbazide afforded 4,9-dimethoxy-5-oxo-5H-furo[3,2-gl]][1] benzopyran-6-yl-(1-aminovinyl) hydrazone derivatives 2a,b. Also 4,5-Diphenyl-2-(4,9-dimethoxy-5-oxo-5H-furo[3,2-g][1] benzopyran-6-yl)-imidazole 3 was obtained by refluxing compound 1 with 1,2-diketone in presence of ammonium acetate. Reaction of compound 1 with different amines afforded 3-(4,9-dimethoxy-5-axo-5H-furo[3,2-g][1] benzopyran-6-yl)-aryliminoethyl derivatives 4a-g. Condensation reaction of compounds 4a-d to C-Hacid compounds were given 4-aminosubstituted-5-(6-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-5-axo-5H- benzofuranyl)-pyrano[2,3-b] cyclobexa-2,3-diene 5a-d and 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-(4-methoxypheny-lamine)-5-(6-hydroxy-4,7- dimethoxy-5-oxo-5H-benzofuranyl) 6. Refluxing compound 4d with thiosemicarbazide formed 6-methanimine-(4,9-dimethoxy-5-axo-5H-furo[3,2-g][1] benzopyran-6-yl)-(1E)-1-phenylethan-1-one thiosemicarbazide 7. Also, the reaction of compound 4d with p-aminoacetophenone gave the aryliminoethyl compound 8. The reaction of compound 4d with different aldehydes were given 3-(4,9-dimethoxy-5-oxo-5H-furo[3,2-g][1] benzopyran)-iminomethyl-(1-aryl-1-oxo-3-proponyl substituted) 9a-d. Condensation of formyl fuorochromone 1 with phenolic compounds yielded 3-(4,9-dimethoxy-5-axo-5H-furo[3,2-g][1] benzopyran-6-yl)-derivatives 10a-d. All the tested compounds a significant increase in PT & APTT when compared with that of the control group. Only the compound IIa treated rats induced significant increase Ast, alkaline phosphatase and urea during experimental period, while other tested compounds did not cause any significant changes in liver and kidney function. Concomitantly, all the tested compound caused a significant decrease in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
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PMID:Synthesis and pharmaceutical activity of new series of chromonyl derivatives. 1508 72

Search for anti-beta-lactamase and synthesis of newer penicillin were suggested to overcome resistance to penicillin in chemotherapy. It was found that clavulanic acid, an ant-beta-lactamase was ineffective due to its structural modification by bacteria. Thus, there is a need for the synthesis of newer pencillins. Retro-synthesis was inspired by the success of forward reaction i.e.conversion of penicillin G to 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) by biological process. In the present study a better enzymatic method of synthesis of newer pencillin by a beta-lactamase-free penicillin amidase produced by Alcaligenes sp. is attempted. Antibacterial and toxicological evaluation of the enzymatically synthesized beta-lactams are reported. Condensation of 6-APA with acyl donor was found to be effective when the reaction is run in dimethyl formamide (DMF 50% v/v) in acetate buffer (25 mM pH 5.0) at 37 degrees C. Periplasm entrapped in calcium alginate exihibited the highest yield (approximately 34%) in synthesis. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the synthetic products against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi varied between 20-80 microg/ml. Some of the products exhibited antibacterial activity against enteric pathogens. It was interesting to note that product A was potent like penicillin G. LD50 value of three products (product A, B and C) was more than 12 mg/kg. Furthermore, these synthetic beta-lactams did not exihibit any adverse effect on house keeping enzymes viz., serum glutamate oxalacetate-trans-aminase, serum glutamate pyruvate -trans-aminase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase of the test animals. The hematological profile (RBC and WBC) of the test animals also remained unaffected.
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PMID:Antibacterial and toxicological evaluation of beta-lactams synthesized by immobilized beta-lactamase-free penicillin amidase produced by Alcaligenes sp. 1825 14