Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Localization of dipeptidylpeptidase IV was studied in the spinal cord meninges and peripheral nerve coverings of fetal and postnatal rats. In the same sections, the localization of alkaline phosphatase was monitored. In the prenatal period, dipeptidylpeptidase (DPP) IV activity in the differentiating meninges appeared at the time of cerebrospinal fluid spaces formation (on day 16 in the cervical region and on day 18 in the lumbar region). In adult animals DPP IV was found in cells of those meningeal lamellae which delineated the cerebrospinal fluid spaces (the outer, intermediate and inner lamellae), in the perineurium, in Schwann cells and in some fibroblasts of the bulk of dura mater. It is suggested that DPP IV plays a role in the metabolism of neuropeptides by their interaction with cerebrospinal fluid. Alkaline phosphatase activity was detectable earlier than DPP IV activity. Positivity was first observed in some cells of the meninx primitiva and, later on, in the ectomeninx and also in the differentiating endomeninx where it disappeared postnatally. The developing ectomeninx exhibited activities of both enzymes. Alkaline phosphatase occupied its external layers, while DPP IV was localized in its inner layers. This enzymatic heterogeneity of the ectomeningeal layers suggests that the ectomeninx gives rise not only to dura mater (which in adult animals exhibits alkaline phosphatase activity) but also to the outer arachnoid layer (positive for DPP IV in adult rats).
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PMID:Localization of dipeptidylpeptidase IV and alkaline phosphatase in developing spinal cord meninges and peripheral nerve coverings of the rat. 197 Feb 18

The Zfy-1 and Zfy-2 genes, which arose by gene duplication, map to the mouse Y chromosome and encode nearly identical zinc-finger proteins. Zfy-1 is expressed in the genital ridge and adult testis and likely encodes a transcription activator. Although potential roles in sex determination and spermatogenesis have been hotly debated, the biological functions of Zfy-1 remain unknown. To study the gene's regulation, transgenes with 21-28 kb of Zfy-1 5' flanking DNA placed upstream of lacZ were constructed in plasmids or created by homologous recombination of coinjected DNA molecules. The resulting transgenic mice expressed beta-galactosidase in the genital ridge of both males and females starting between embryonic day 10 and 11 (E10-E11), peaking at E12-E13 and then declining to low levels by E15, a pattern that matches Zfy-1 mRNA as detected by RT-PCR. This lacZ expression in genital ridge was confined to somatic cells as demonstrated by its absence from the alkaline phosphatase-positive germ cells. It had been reported previously that Zfy-1 mRNA was absent from the embryonic gonad of homozygous W(e) embryos, which virtually lack germ cells. By contrast, we observed normal expression of the Zfy-1/lacZ transgene when introduced into the W(e) background, suggesting that germ cells are not necessary for expression. In the adult, the Zfy-1/lacZ transgene is expressed abundantly in developing germ cells. Extragonadal (kidney, meninges, arteries, choroid plexus) expression of the transgene was also observed in embryos. A smaller transgene with only 4.3 kb of Zfy-1 5' flanking DNA was expressed only in germ cells of adult mice. These results suggest that an enhancer for germ cell expression in the adult lies near the Zfy-1 promoter and that an enhancer for expression in the somatic cells of the embryonic gonad is located further 5'.
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PMID:Expression of a mouse Zfy-1/lacZ transgene in the somatic cells of the embryonic gonad and germ cells of the adult testis. 805 Mar 62

The structural organization of the epidural lymphatics and lymphatic drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid from spinal meninges was studied in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) by an enzyme-histochemical method. The spinal meninges were examined at various intervals from 1 to 48 h, as well as at 30 days, following an injection of ultrafine carbon particles into the subarachnoidal space (cisterna magna). Lymphatics were differentiated from blood capillaries by the 5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nase)-alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) double staining method (KATO et al. 1991, 1993) both in the whole-mount preparations and tissue sections. Carbon-filled collecting lymphatics and lymph nodes constantly appeared in the cervical and thoracic regions but only rarely in the lumbo-sacral region after carbon injection. Networks of 5'-Nase-positive lymphatics in the epidural connective tissues were seen in a large area on the dorsal surface around each spinal nerve root in the cervical and upper thoracic regions, especially at a level corresponding to the brachial plexus (C5-Th1). Carbon particles were often found within the 5'-Nase-positive lymphatics. In the lower thoracic and lumbo-sacral regions, on the other hand, the epidural lymphatic network covered only a small area around each spinal nerve root. These findings suggest that the epidural lymphatics are well developed on the dorsal side of the lower cervical spinal dura mater and may function as an absorptive pathway for the cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoidal space.
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PMID:Lymphatic drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid from monkey spinal meninges with special reference to the distribution of the epidural lymphatics. 975 4

Twelve rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) challenged intranasally with a wild-type Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) developed clinical signs 11-14 days later. Tissues from the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brainstem, thalamus, meninges, and all levels of the spinal cord were stained for JEV antigen with hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluid and streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase; immunofluorescent staining was also done on frozen sections. Viral antigen was found in all cell layers of the cerebellum, the gray matter of the thalamus and brainstem, and the ventral horn of all levels of the spinal cord. Staining was limited to neurons and their processes. Histopathologic changes were limited to the nervous system and characterized by nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis. These results were comparable with those of previous studies done with human autopsy tissues. Intranasal inoculation of rhesus monkeys with JEV was effective in producing clinical disease comparable with natural disease in humans and may serve as a model to evaluate protective efficacy of candidate JEV vaccines.
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PMID:Production of lethal infection that resembles fatal human disease by intranasal inoculation of macaques with Japanese encephalitis virus. 1046 58

The dura mater, the outermost layer of the meninges, is thought to be essential for calvarial morphogenesis, postnatal suture fusion, and osseous repair of calvarial defects. Despite numerous studies illustrating the fundamental role of the dura mater, there is little information about the autocrine and paracrine mechanisms regulating dural cell biology during calvarial ossification. Previous work conducted in the authors' laboratory demonstrated that non-suture-associated dural cells from 6-day-old rat pups expressed high levels of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), whereas dural cells from 60-day-old adult rats expressed very little FGF-2. Because young mammals can successfully heal large calvarial defects, the authors sought to investigate the autocrine and/or paracrine effects of FGF-2 on the proliferation, gene expression, and alkaline phosphatase production of dural cells. Cultures of non-suture-associated dural cells were established from 6-day-old Sprague-Dawley rat pups and then stimulated with recombinant human FGF-2 (rhFGF-2; 10 ng/ml). Dural cells stimulated with rhFGF-2 proliferated significantly faster than untreated dural cells at 24 hours (2.1 x 10(5) +/- 3.2 x 10(4) versus 1.1 x 10(5) +/- 1.8 x 10(4), p < or = 0.001) and 48 hours (2.3 x 10(5) +/- 4.2 x 10(4) versus 1.2 x 10(5) +/- 1.3 x 10(4), p < or = 0.001). Moreover, dural cells stimulated with rhFGF-2 expressed 7-fold more proliferating cell nuclear antigen than did control cultures. Treatment with rhFGF-2 increased dural cell expression of genes important for skeletal repair: FGF-2 (7-fold), transforming growth factor beta 1 (3-fold), transforming growth factor beta 3 (4-fold), and type I collagen (4-fold). Furthermore, rhFGF-2 increased dural cell expression of osteopontin (2-fold), a "late" marker of osteoblastic differentiation. Interestingly, dural cell alkaline phosphatase activity, an "earlier" marker of osteoblast differentiation, was significantly decreased by treatment with rhFGF-2 compared with control cultures at 24 hours (0.005 +/- 0.001 versus 0.01 +/- 0.003, p < or = 0.01) and 48 hours (0.004 +/- 0.0009 versus 0.01 +/- 0.0009). Together these data provide insight into the autocrine and paracrine effects of FGF-2 on the biology of the dura mater.
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PMID:Dura mater biology: autocrine and paracrine effects of fibroblast growth factor 2. 1181 48

The combination of 100 microm thick celloidin sections and alkaline phosphatase (AP) enzyme histochemistry of the vascular endothelium offers a greatly enhanced, 3D morphologic perspective and reveals intricate details of the vasculature of brain. A study of tumor specimens obtained at craniotomy from 6 patients with glioblastomas, 1 with anaplastic oligodendroglioma and 1 with juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma was undertaken using this technique. Five of the 6 glioblastomas, the anaplastic oligodendroglioma and the low-grade astrocytoma specimen showed uniform staining of afferent tumor blood vessels. In the glioblastomas, newly formed vessels formed dense, festooned networks at the advancing edges of the tumor. Feeding arteries entered the tumor at the junction between the edge of the tumor and adjacent brain or meninges and proceeded to form striking, coiled vessels and smaller branches. The density of both small arteries and veins was greatly increased within the tumor although there was much variability. Disordered arborization, arteriole to venous and arteriole to arteriole shunts were observed, leading to a situation where arteries connected directly to veins. In necrotic areas, there were often no AP-stained vessels. In many places, arterioles and capillaries were lacking. Numerous AP-negative veins of various sizes drained the tumors. Glomeruloid proliferations were presumptively identified as focal stain smudges or clusters of capillaries arising from nearby vascular channels. Increased alkaline phosphatase staining and/or focal new vessels were seen outside necrotic areas. The pilocytic astrocytoma and the oligodendroglioma showed less dense vascularity and no formation of the focal festoons of vessels shown by the glioblastomas. This technique may be useful for the study of tumor angiogenesis and to evaluate vascularity in experimental and human brain tumors after various therapies.
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PMID:A morphologic study of the vasculature of malignant gliomas using thick celloidin sections and alkaline phosphatase stain. 1532 81

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