Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Administration of clofibrate to both hyperlipidaemic patients and normolipidaemic subjects produced a significant decrease, averaging 22%, in serum alkaline phosphatase activity. Quantitative isoenzyme analysis showed that this change was entirely attributable to an average reduction of 39% in the activity of liver alkaline phosphatase, and that no significant change in the bone isoenzyme occurred. An accompanying fall in serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity was seen in some subjects but this change was not statistically significant in the group as a whole.
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PMID:Selective effects of clofibrate on alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in serum. 3 7

The gamma-glutamyltransferase isoenzymes in the sera of patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction have been studied, using electrophoretic, gel filtration, and ultracentrifugation techniques, and compared with those present in normal sera. Five isoenzymes were shown to exist in patients' sera, three of which were not demonstrated in normal sera. The observations are discussed in relation to the influence of biliary regurgitation and the possible solubilisation of membrane-bound enzymes. The results are compared with those of previous studies on alkaline phosphatase.
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PMID:Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase isoenzymes in extrahepatic biliary obstruction. 4 51

2-Deoxy-D-galactose, in a dose of 3 mmol/kg, was administered intraperitoneally twice daily to young rats for periods up to 12 weeks. This dosage schedule resulted in recurrent phosphate trapping predominantly in liver. UTP deficiency was excluded by simultaneous uridine injections. Phosphate trapping was caused by the rapid accumulation of 2-deoxy-D-galactose 1-phosphate and was most pronounced in liver but also demonstrated in small intestine, brain, spleen, and thymus. The marked, although transient, drop in the hepatic content of inorganic phosphate triggered the catabolism of adenine nucleotides and a loss of ATP. Other metabolic pathways affected by phosphate deficiency include glycogenolysis and glycolysis. Increasing with time, repeated doses of the galactose analog led to retardation and arrest of growth, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. The average relative liver and spleen weights were elevated 2.5- and 4.5-fold, respectively, after 12 weeks of treatment. Liver damage was indicated by hyperbilirubinaemia and a progressive rise in the activity in plasma of sorbitol dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase. Examination by light and electron microscopy showed increasing numbers of vacuoles, surrounded by a single membrane, in hepatocytes, sinusoidal endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells. Focal cytoplasmic degeneration in hepatocytes was occasionally indicated by formation of autophagic vacuoles and finger print lysosomes. Hepatocytes of 2-deoxy-D-galactose-treated rats showed a dissociation and fragmentation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells were markedly enlarged, the latter contained a PAS-positive but amylase resistant substance. Extrahepatic changes included an increased occurrence of vacuolated cells in thymus. Phosphate trapping and its metabolic consequences are common phenomena in the experimental injury induced b 2-deoxy-D-galactose and in some hereditary diseases such as uridylyltransferase deficiency galactosaemia, fructose intolerance and glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency.
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PMID:Consequences of recurrent phosphate trapping induced by repeated injections of 2-deoxy-D-galactose. Biochemical and morphological studies in rats. 4 10

We have determined the distribution in cord blood from healthy newborns of six enzymes: creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase. The concentration of enzymes were determined according to the methods recommended by the Scandinavian Committee on Enzymes. The distribution of isoenzymes and of enzymes in blood from women at delivery was investigated also. All distributions were positively skewed. The upper reference limits of cord blood exceeded those found in mother blood by a factor of eight for gamma-glutamyltransferase, and for lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase by a factor of two.
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PMID:Reference values for six enzymes in plasma from newborns and women at delivery. 4 84

The circadian rhythms of sucrase, maltase, isomaltase, trehalase, lactase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, leucylnaphthylamide hydrolyzing activity, alkaline phosphatase and monosaccharide transport were assessed in each fifth of the small intestine of the rat in order to determine if an entire enzyme or transport system population responded in a similar manner or if there were regional differences. Animals were maintained under a light-dark cycle and fed from 1400-1800, EST for 7 days. Functional activities were assessed every 4 h for 24 h, inclusively. Quantitative, and in a few instances, qualitative differences in different areas of the intestine were found for all functions. There were portions of the lactase and alkaline phosphatase populations which displayed no rhythmicity in activity. When rhythmicity was observed there were differences in the activity patterns along the intestine for all functions. Thus, the rhythm patterns obtained from homogenates of the entire small intestine are a composite of the patterns in regions of high average activity. Also, there appears to be a reasonable amount of local control of the various functions.
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PMID:Regional variability in circadian rhythmicity of intestinal digestive-absorptive functions. 4 53

Using rats, we studied how best to assess hepatic damage after administering therapeutic doses of each of five anti-cancer drugs or of the hepatotoxin, carbon tetrachloride. As indexes, we compared measurement of the concentration of administered antipyrine in plasma with measurement in serum of alpha-fetoprotein or of the activities of five enzymes that reportedly best reflect hepatic damage. The biological half-life of antipyrine in the plasma was increased more than threefold on pretreating the rats with any of the five cytotoxic drugs or with carbon tetrachloride. In contrast, the concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, or glutamate dehydrogenase were not consistently increased. Of the enzymes tested in serum, aspartate aminotransferase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase best indicated hepatic impairment resulting from the treatment with anti-cancer drugs. Our results imply that determination of the pharmacokinetics of marker drugs such as antipyrine better indicates hepatic dysfunction induced by cytotoxic agents than does measurement of the enzymes liberated into serum as a result of damage to liver mitochondria.
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PMID:Hepatic function assessed (in rats) during chemotherapy with some anti-cancer drugs. 8 82

The activities of rat intestinal enzymes, sucrase, lactase, maltase, trehalase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, leucylnaphthylamide-hydrolyzing activity, and the transport system for glucose follow diurnal rhythms on ad libitum and restricted feeding regimes. In response to 6 days of restricted feeding, food available between 1400 and 1800 Eastern Standard Time, all rhythms shifted in time and the daily levels of activities were changed. Alkaline phosphatase activity followed a diurnal rhythm only in restricted fed animals. In restricted fed rats several activity patterns were observed, some with short periods of maximum activity, 3 h or less, and some with plateaus of maximum activity, 5-9 h long. In respect to the time of day of the synchronizer, sucrase peaked before feeding, glucose transport peaked during feeding, alkaline phosphatase peaked after feeding, and the other enzymes had higher levels of activity before, during and after feeding. The effect of restricted feeding on the daily activity levels were: a decrease in leucylnaphthylamide-hydrolyzing activity, no change in alkaline phosphatase, and increases in the others. These enzyme and transport systems exhibit a large amount of individual regulation or control as reflected by the lack of a uniform activity pattern and response to the synchronizer, and the variation in direction and magnitude of the adaptations to restricted feeding.
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PMID:Effect of changes in feeding schedule on the diurnal rhythms and daily activity levels of intestinal brush border enzymes and transport systems. 24 Apr 40

We used the previously described [Clin. Chem. 19, 1114 (1973)] and evaluated [Clin. Chem. 19, 1122 (1973)] computer-controlled instrument system for sequential chemical testing to select and perform tests of hepatic status, to aid the clinician in the diagnosis of liver disease. Results for total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase obtained from the continuous-flow analysis (SMA 12/60) admission screen were used by the instrument system to determine selectively the values for gamma-glutamyltransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and total and direct bilirubin. Kit methods for the latter four tests were evaluated on the system; results were similar to manual procedures. A software, enzymatic ratemeter was found to be better than the previously described hardware ratemeter. The follow-up tests of serum prescribed by the system are compared to clinician-prescribed follow-up tests and discharge diagnoses. In 10 of 19 cases, the system and clinician ordered similar follow-up tests; in three cases follow-up differed, and in six cases, the system ordered follow-up tests and the clinician ordered none.
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PMID:Computer-controlled instrument system for sequential chemical testing III. Application to liver assessment. 34 61

Several analogs of lysolecithin were found to solubilize human erythrocyte ghosts comparably or even better than other detergents. Derivatives with aliphatic chains of 12 to 14 carbons were most effective. The phosphorylcholine detergents apparently possess low protein-denaturing properties, since they, for the first time, allowed the solubilization of enzymatically active acyl-CoA:lysolecithin acyltransferase from thymocyte plasma membranes. The solubilized enzyme was not sedimented at 177,000 x g for 60 min and penetrated into Sepharose 6B gels. Low detergent concentration resulted in a selective extraction of the acyltransferase (about 70%) as compared to alkaline phosphatase, nucleotide pyrophosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase or Mg2+-ATPase (30 to 40%). The selectivity was reflected in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of soluble and sedimentable membrane fractions; three bands of approximately 53, 84, and 94 x 10(3) daltons were enriched in the supernatants, whereas one band of about 68 x 10(3) daltons was concentrated in the pellet. The preferential extraction of acyltransferase may be related to particularly high affinity of lysolecithin analogs for this enzyme, which at higher concentrations was competitively inhibited by these detergents. The inhibitor constants ranged from 1400 micron for the C10 analog (ET-10-H) to 80 micron for the compound with 16 carbons (ET-16-H) per aliphatic chain.
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PMID:Detergent properties of water-soluble choline phosphatides. Selective solubilization of acyl-CoA:lysolecithin acyltransferase from thymocyte plasma membranes. 42 75

The activities of several enzymes in urine are masked by the presence of interfering substances in native urine. From several methods proposed for the removal of low molecular mass interferences dilution, dialysis, gel filtration, and ultrafiltration have been successfully applied. Gel filtration seems to be of these most suitable. I is effective, accurate, precise and economical. Scale-down procedures provide for acceptable speed. By this method the complete separation of lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulphatase A, alpha-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase, trehalase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase and leucine arylamidase from low molecular mass substances, e.g. a heat-stable, competitive inhibitor of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase was possible. The preparation and determination of urinary enzymes should be thoroughly standardized and controlled. Acceptable precision (coefficient of variation less than 10% between-day) can be achieved with manual spectrophotometric methods.
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PMID:Preparation of urine for enzyme determinations by gel filtration. 44 74


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