Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Using fresh frozen, freeze-dried or cryostate sections from aldehyde fixed rat tissues 13 diazonium salts were tested as simultaneous coupling reagents for the localization of acid, neutral and alkaline hydrolases with azo indoxyl methods. Hexazotized new fuchsine and/or Fast blue B are the diazonium salts of choice for the demonstration of acid beta-galactosidase, neuraminidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, acid phosphatase, and non-specific esterase followed by hexazotized p-rosaniline. Fast blue VB, BB and RR and Fast violet B are recommended for the investigation of alkaline phosphatase and lactase, Fast garnet GBC for acid beta-galactosidase, glucosaminidase and lactase. Fast red B, RC, RL and TR and Fast black K can only be employed for lactase studies. The exact concentration of the coupling reagent depends on the activity of the enzyme and the organ imvestigated. On the average 0.01-0.02 ml unstable diazonium salt/ml and 0.3--1 microgram stable diazonium salt/ml are sufficient for the correct localization of these hydrolases. Freeze-dried cryostat sections yield the best results in the demonstration of lactase and alkaline phosphatase independent on the coupling reagent used. Sections from formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde fixed organs are superior for the localization of the other hydrolases; an exception is the investigation of acid beta-galactosidase and glucosaminidase with Fast garnet GBC. Then, excellent results are obtained also with freeze-dried material. Fresh frozen sections are suitable for the localization of lactase with hexazotized new fuchsine or p-rosaniline and of alkaline phosphatase with Fast blue VB and BB or violet B. The total activity of acid, neutral and alkaline hydrolases can be investigated using semipermeable membranes in combination with all unstable and stable diazonium salts of choice. Reliable osmification of the azoindoxyl dye is only possible if hexazotized p-rosaniline is employed for coupling; without further posttreatment all azoindoxyl dyes are extracted by ethanol, isopropanol or xylol. 7 incubation media are given for the demonstration of hydrolases with azoindoxyl methods at the level of light microscopy for routine studies and typical examples for the application of these methods are presented. A modified procedure is described for the freeze-drying of cryostat sections with the Edwards-Pearse tissue dryer EPD3.
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PMID:[Azoindoxyl methods for the investigation of hydrolases. IV. Suitability of various diazonium salts (author's transl)]. 36 63

Treatment of cultured fibroblasts from patients with unbalanced chromosomal aberrations with a mixture of isoproterenol, theophylline and ascorbic acid resulted after 48 hours in an at least three-fold increase of alkaline phosphatase activity on a per cell basis, whereas cells from normal healthy individuals did not show this dramatic response. Cells were studied from patients with trisomy 21 (14 cases), trisomy 18 (3 cases), trisomy 13 (1 case), pentasomy X (1 case), Turner syndrome (2 cases), and Klinefelter syndrome (1 case), and no exception was noted. The mechanism of this phenomenon is not clear, but it is speculated that increased cyclic-AMP levels caused by the action of isoproterenol on adenylcyclase may account for excessive reactions of unbalanced cells as compared to normal cells. This simple biochemical diagnostic procedure might become useful in screening programs for unbalanced chromosomal abberations.
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PMID:High alkaline phosphatase activity in isoproterenol stimulated fibroblast cultures from patients with numerically unbalanced chromosomal aberrations. 46 48

In cultured amniotic cells from fetuses with Edward's syndrome (trisomy 18), the activities of two protein phosphatases, alkaline phosphatase and phosphotyrosine phosphatase, were measured. Comparison with normal fetal cells showed a different behavior for each enzyme. Alkaline phosphatase was significantly lowered while phosphotyrosine phosphatase remained at normal levels. The interest of these enzyme assays in the screening procedure of this severe chromosome defect is discussed.
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PMID:Alkaline phosphatase and phosphotyrosine phosphatase activities of cultured amniotic cells with trisomy 18. 130 52

The activities of two microvillar enzymes, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) have been determined in amniotic fluid (AF) samples from 39 pregnancies with a 1-in-4 risk of cystic fibrosis. Seventeen of these were investigated prospectively. A reduced proportion of the fetal specific intestinal ALP isoenzyme was found in 7 of a total of 13 pregnancies with cystic fibrosis and in one pregnancy of confirmed normal outcome. Eight of the affected pregnancies were tested for AF GGTP activity and depressed levels were found in 15. None of the 3 liveborn cystic fibrosis cases in the prospective series was identified by the ALP assay although 2 had significantly reduced GGTP activity. There were several amniotic fluid samples from cases of cystic fibrosis, trisomy 18 and normal outcome which had discordant GGTP and ALP results. Four of the 6 cases of cystic fibrosis misclassified by the ALP assay had amniocentesis at 15 or 16 weeks gestation. Evidence is presented which confirms a previous suggestion that amniocentesis after 17 weeks gestation improves the predictability of the ALP isoenzyme assay for the prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.
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PMID:Microvillar enzyme analysis in amniotic fluid and the prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. 285 84

Inhibition in acetylcholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase activities with an elevation in acid phosphatase activity were recorded in a freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium lamarrei (H. Milne Edwards) after sublethal dichlorvos exposure under static conditions. The possible role of these enzymes in the physiology of prawns and the probable mechanism of these changes in relation to dichlorvos intoxication are briefly discussed.
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PMID:Dichlorvos intoxication in a freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium lamarrei (H. Milne Edwards). 400 39

Exposure of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium lamarrei (H. Milne Edwards) to a lethal dose (96-hr LC50;0.78 mg/l) of dichlorvos for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr induced inhibition in acetylcholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase activities and enhanced acid phosphatase activity. Hepatic glycogen values were depleted while the blood glucose level was increased up to 72 hr of exposure. After 96 hr of dichlorvos exposure hypoglycemia was recorded. The possible role of these changes in the dichlorvos intoxication is discussed.
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PMID:Nature of dichlorvos intoxication in a freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium lamarrei (H. Milne Edwards). 401 89

The effects of mercuric chloride intoxication on the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases and glucose-6-phosphatase in the hepatopancreas of a freshwater prawn Macrobrachium lamarrei (H. Milne Edwards) were determined after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr. Mercuric chloride intoxication resulted in elevation of acid phosphatase and inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activities, but glucose-6-phosphatase activity was elevated up to 72 hr after which (i.e., after 96 hr of exposure) inhibition in the enzyme activity was noted at two higher concentrations. Alterations in the activities of these enzymes after mercuric chloride intoxication have been shown to adversely affect the general metabolism of the freshwater prawn.
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PMID:Mercuric chloride intoxication in freshwater prawn. II. Effect on phosphatases activity. 609 12

Measurement of the microvillar enzymes, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP), aminopeptidase M (APM) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), in amniotic fluid supernatant has been proposed as a method for the early prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. The activities of these enzymes in a series of other fetal abnormalities have now been examined. GGTP activities were below the 5th percentile in 28 out of 54 cases of trisomy 21 and 9 of 14 cases of trisomy 18, while APM values were below this cut-off in 26 of 54 cases of trisomy 21 and 8 of 14 cases of trisomy 18. Abnormal ALP isoenzyme ratios were found in 6 of 54 cases of trisomy 21 and 4 of 14 cases of trisomy 18. If prenatal cytogenetic studies are routinely carried out on amniotic fluid cells, the occasional confounding effect of abnormal microvillar enzymes associated with fetal trisomies rather than with cystic fibrosis should be avoided.
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PMID:Amniotic fluid microvillar enzyme activities in the early detection of fetal abnormalities. 614 50

The activity of nonspecific phosphomonoesterases in cerebellar structure of newborns and infants with trisomies in the 13th (5 cases) 18th (4) and 21st (14) chromosomes was investigated. In all trisomies, changes of phosphatase activity in the cerebellar structures were demonstrated which were particularly marked with alkaline phosphatase. The activity of this enzyme increased not only in the vascular endothelium but in a number of cellular structures as well: in the external embryonal and internal granular layers of the cortex, in the nuclei of Purkinje cells and neurons of the nucleus dentatus, in the foci of heterotopia of cortical cells into the white matter and nucleus dentatus. In Edwards' syndrome the activity of alkaline phosphatase in cellular elements of the cerebellum was slightly higher than in the control group. Changes in the activity was observed in the cells of the external embryonal layer, neurons of the nucleus dentatus and in the cells of the heterotopic foci. In autosomal trisomies dystopic cells have dissimilar levels of phosphatase activity and stain mosaically which seems to confirm the assumption of their dissimilar differentiation.
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PMID:[Acid and alkaline phosphatases in the cerebellar structures in autosomal trisomy syndromes]. 645 83

Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and its intestinal and placental isomers were measured at between 12 and 32 weeks after the LMP in the amniotic fluid of 492 pregnancies, including 400 used to establish normal values. Three cases of trisomy 21, 2 of trisomy 18 and one case of mucoviscidosis were tested. Amniotic GGT decreased during normal pregnancies while total ALP and the intestinal isoenzyme remained stable. These intestinal enzyme levels were lowered in the presence of chromosomal abnormalities (autosomal trisomy) or mucoviscidosis. Levels of these enzymes were determined in 5 multiple pregnancies which culminated in the birth of normal infants.
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PMID:[Value of an assay of enzymatic activity in amniotic fluid for the detection of fetal anomalies]. 791 61


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