Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this series, the commonest aetiology was tuberculosis (30 cases, 28%), followed by sarcoidosis (18 cases, 17,7%), mediterranean fever (Olmer's disease) (13 cases, 12,1%), brucellosis (8 cases, 7,4%), typhoid fever (7 cases, 6,6%) and idiopathic forms (8 cases, 7,4%). These were followed by Hodgkin's disease, toxoplasmosis, adenosarcoma, and leprosy. Finally, there were single cases due to infectious mononucleosis, B.C.G. reaction, hypogammaglobulinaemia, coeliac disease and temporal arteritis. Half of the patients had hepatomegaly and an increase, in general moderate, in hepatic enzymes (transaminases, alkaline phosphatase). The highest enzyme levels were seen in cases of brucellosis, hepatic enzymes being normal in patients with sarcoidosis.
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PMID:[Granulomatous hepatitis: aetiological study of 107 cases (author's transl)]. 73 1

We prospectively studied the pharmacokinetics of intravenous Chloramphenicol succinate (CS) in children (age 6 months-14 years) with culture proven typhoid fever (n = 30) and non typhoidal illnesses (n = 10). CS was administered in three different dosage regimens (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg/d-q 6 hourly). Liver function tests were monitored. Plasma trough and peak chloramphenicol concentrations were measured by HPLC analysis after 42 hrs. The 50 mg/kg/day dosage schedule was terminated midway through the study, as blood levels were consistently low and two patients with typhoid relapsed, children with typhoid had significantly lower clearance of CS in comparison with those with non-typhoidal illness (0.29 +/- 0.1 versus 0.5 +/- 0.37 1/kg/hr, P 0.05). There was no significant difference between mean peak and trough concentrations of chloramphenicol on 100 mg/kg/day and 75 mg/kg/day in children with typhoid. However, two children on 100 mg/kg/day dosage developed trough concentrations greater than 20 mcg/ml. No correlation was found between CS clearance and serum bilirubin, SGPT (alanine transaminase) and alkaline phosphatase. Our data show altered clearance of CS in children with typhoid and suggests that 75 mg/kg/day may be a safer dose in children with hepatic dysfunction in typhoid.
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PMID:Chloramphenicol clearance in typhoid fever: implications for therapy. 139 51

Ten children with isolated growth hormone deficiency were treated for 1 year with 0.5 UI/kg week with Somatrem (recombinant human growth hormone), given as intramuscular injections three times weekly. Before treatment the children had a chronological age of 7-12.4 years (mean 10.4 years), with a bone age at least 25% below the chronological age. There was no radiological evidence of an intra or suprasellar mass in any child, and no response to provocative growth hormone tests (with exercise or arginine-insulin injection). Informed written consent for treatment was obtained from the parents of each child. Clinical signs were registered every month; triiodothyronine, thyroxine, thyrotropine, glucose, urea, creatinine, blood cells count, and hemoglobine, glycosylated hemoglobine, glutamic-piruvic and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, anti-human growth hormone and, E. coli antibodies, insulin like growth factor 1, and bone age were assessed every 3 months. The mean height velocity was 0.27 +/- 0.1 cm/month before treatment, and increased throughout treatment to a value of 0.62 +/- 0.16 cm/month after 12 months. Within the first year eight of the 10 children had a height increase of 8.4 +/- 0.98 cm. The other two children showed no significant difference; one of them with a very low socioeconomic status, and the other developed typhoid fever. All of the children showed an advance in bone age, but none reached a bone age appropriate for their chronological age; without modifications in the laboratory parameters. Insulin like growth factor 1 increased in 9 children. Pain at the injection site was the only side effect reported.
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PMID:[Clinical and biochemical evaluation of the administration of growth hormone]. 225 92

One hundred and seventy-one male adults were screened in recruitment of volunteers for a cholera vaccine trial. A full medical history and a physical examination were performed on each subject. The percentages of subjects vaccinated against cholera and typhoid within twelve months were 4 and 1 per cent respectively, while 88 and 15 per cent respectively had been vaccinated more than a year. Biochemical screening revealed abnormal liver function tests in 40.7 per cent, specifically alkaline phosphatase (8%), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (8%), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (4.7%), total bilirubin (10%) and globulin (34%). Ten (6%) of the volunteers were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs-Ag). The total white cell count was elevated in 13.5 and 81.9 per cent had eosinophilia. Stool examination revealed infection with Hookworm (54.9%), Opisthorchis viverrini (29.8%), Strongyloides stercoralis (5.3%), Endolimax nana (3.5%), Giardia lamblia (5.3%) and Taenia saginata (2.9%). Few volunteers (13.4%) had abnormal microscopic examination of urine sediment. Only 57 subjects were considered suitable to be volunteers. Each of these subjects had no significant past medical, surgical or psychological illness. None had been vaccinated against cholera within the previous 12 months and no subject had abnormalities on physical examination or routine biochemical and haematological screening. The large number of subjects excluded from recruitment (67%) emphasized the importance of proper screening of volunteers for any vaccine trial.
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PMID:Health status of Thai volunteers in a cholera vaccine trial. 228 Feb 1

The patient who has clinical jaundice, abnormal results on liver function tests, or both presents a difficult diagnostic challenge. Many infectious diseases affect the liver, and the extent of involvement determines the degree of clinically apparent jaundice. Some diseases that affect the liver minimally cause no jaundice at all. An important clue to the cause of the disorder is the pattern of abnormal results on liver function tests. Increased alkaline phosphatase predominates with Q fever, secondary or tertiary syphilis, clonorchiasis, and hepatic candidiasis, while elevated levels of serum transaminases characterize viral hepatitis, leptospirosis, mononucleosis syndromes, legionnaires' disease, typhoid fever, toxic shock syndrome, and yellow fever. Increases in serum bilirubin are typical with jaundice caused by clostridial myelonecrosis, severe bacterial sepsis, and relapsing fever (borreliosis). These findings together with the patient's history, physical findings, and basic laboratory tests provide a presumptive diagnosis in most cases.
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PMID:Systemic infections affecting the liver. Some cause jaundice, some do not. 305 Sep 27

Thirty one children with typhoid fever aged 2 months to 12 years and blood culture positive for multidrug resistant S. typhi were prospectively studied for their hepatic functions at the time of hospitalization and 2-3 weeks after completion of antibiotic therapy. Hepatic manifestations included hepatomegaly (51.6%); jaundice (16.1%); raised levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) (61.3%), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) (48.4%), alkaline phosphatase (AP) (22.6%) and serum bilirubin (SB) (6.1%); reduced levels of serum albumin (SA) (41.9%); prolonged prothrombin time (PT) (9.7%) and abnormal ultrasound abdomen (19.3%). Hepatic dysfunction was a notable feature even in those cases without hepatomegaly, with raised levels of SGOT (60%), SGPT (40%), AP (20%), SB (6.7%), decreased SA (53.3%) and prolonged PT (6.7%). There was no correlation between the degree of hepatic enlargement or hyperbilirubinemia with abnormalities in liver functions. Hepatic dysfunction was noticed to be transient, as all these parameters returned to normal within 2-3 weeks after successful antibiotic therapy.
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PMID:Hepatic manifestations in typhoid fever. 789 Mar 43

The liver is commonly involved in patients with typhoid fever. However, severe hepatic derangement simulating acute viral hepatitis is rare. Our aim was to characterize the clinical picture, biochemical features, and prognosis of Salmonella hepatitis. Retrospective case-control analysis of medical records included 27 patients with Salmonella hepatitis and 27 inpatients with acute viral hepatitis from 1973 to 1993. Travel history, clinical picture, a standard battery of 18 biochemical tests, complete blood counts, disease complications, duration of hospital admission, and final outcome were analyzed. Eleven patients with Salmonella hepatitis (40%) travelled abroad within 1 month of illness. A greater proportion of Salmonella hepatitis patients developed fever > 104 degrees (44% vs. 4%, respectively; P < .0001), and had relative bradycardia (42% vs. 4%, respectively; P < .002) than viral hepatitis patients. Salmonella hepatitis was associated with lower peak serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase, and higher peak serum alkaline phosphatase (296 vs. 3,234 U/L, 535 vs. 2,844 U/L, and 500 vs. 228 U/dL, respectively; P < .0001, <.0003, and <.004). The admission ALT/lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) ratio, when levels of both enzymes were expressed as multiples of upper limit of normal value for each, was significantly lower in Salmonella hepatitis. All Salmonella hepatitis cases had a ratio < 4, and all viral hepatitis cases had a ratio > 5, P < .0001. Left shift of white blood cells was more common in Salmonella hepatitis (83% vs. 37%; P < .004). Patients with Salmonella hepatitis had a longer hospitalization (14.8 vs. 6.5 days, respectively; P < .0001). All 54 patients survived their illness. The clinical picture of Salmonella hepatitis is frequently indistinguishable from viral hepatitis. The admission ALT/LDH ratio is the best discriminator between both entities. Other clues that raise the possibility of Salmonella hepatitis include high fever, relative bradycardia, and left shift of WBCs. Despite long hospitalization, Salmonella hepatitis responds to proper antibiotic therapy and has an excellent prognosis.
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PMID:Salmonella hepatitis: analysis of 27 cases and comparison with acute viral hepatitis. 878 16

Two groups of patients were studied. First one included 50 schistosomiasis mansoni patients, 30 with simple infection, 10 with splenomegaly and with ascites. Second group included 111 patients of whom 20 with pure S. mansoni, 27 with pure HCV infection, 54 with mixed infection of schistosomiasis and HCV and 10 with schistosomiasis, HCV and typhoid fever. Serum transaminases and anti-HCV antibodies performed, showed anti-HCV raised levels in 10% of simple schistosomiasis, 60% in splenomegalic patients, 80% in ascites patients, and 7.1% in controls. Liver function tests in first group were within normal range except in those with ascites. In second group, liver function tests was norma in pure schistosomiasis patients, in pure HCV patients serum bilirubin was normal in 22.2%, AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase were higher. In mixed infection, serum bilirubin was normal in 18.5%, serum transaminases were higher and alkaline phosphatase was normal among 77.7%. Patients with typhoid fever, HCV and schistosomiasis (12.6%) showed significant increase of liver function as compared with each of pure HCV or HCV and schistosomasis. Results were discussed.
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PMID:Studies on patients with Schistosomiasis mansoni, HCV and/or typhoid fever. 1147 57

Forty five positive blood culture acute typhoid cases were studied during a 2 years period (1997-1999) in Abbassia Fever hospital, Cairo, Egypt. Their ages ranged between 4-23 (12 +/- 2.5) years. Male: Female ratio was 1:1. Three of the 4 classical signs namely: toxic look (84%), bronchitic chest (47%), tumid tympanitic abdomen (84%) and just palpable receding spleen (69%) were found in almost all cases and offer a good bed side clinical diagnostic test. Blood picture revealed anaemia, within normal white blood count and thrombocytopenia. Liver function tests showed within normal total serum bilirubin, two or more folds increase of ALT and within normal serum alkaline phosphatase. Comparing the 3 tests, namely significant Widal titre (56%), modified Widal test (89%) and bright spleen (78%), it was found that modified Widal test is the most sensitive serological test. Ultrasonographic finding of bright spleen is an easy, safe, noninvasive and sensitive technique which is relatively cheap. Each of the 3 drugs in our study namely chloramphenicol, quinolones and ceftriaxone resulted in improvement of general condition, drop of fever, increase in haemoglobin, white blood count and platelet count. Also, there was a significant improvement of liver function tests by either of the 3 drugs. Ceftriaxone is the best drug from the clinical and laboratory points of view followed by quinolones in multidrug resistant (MDR) acute typhoid cases. Chloramphenicol is still the drug of choice in chloramphenicol sensitive salmonellae.
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PMID:Comparative study on different recent diagnostic and therapeutic regimens in acute typhoid fever. 1721 59

Salmonella infection occurs worldwide and is still an important public health problem in many developing countries. The infection can affect almost all major organs including the liver. Severe hepatic involvement with a clinical feature of acute hepatitis is a rare complication. In this paper, a 39-year-old male with acute cholestatic typhoid hepatitis is presented. The case had a tender hepatomegaly and elevated serum alanine and aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma glutamyl transferase levels; these features cannot been distinguished from those of acute viral hepatitis. Serological and viral markers of acute viral hepatitis were negative. No pathology could be determined in abdomen Ultrasonography (USG) or Magnetic Resonance (MR) Cholangiography. As enteric fever is a common infection, the recognition of salmonella hepatitis is of clinical importance. When patients from an endemic or outbreak area present acute febrile hepatitis, typhoid fever should be a consideration.
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PMID:Cholestatic hepatitis due to Salmonella typhi. 2476 67


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